Digital Media Terminology

Know Your Digital Media Terminology

Digital Media
	Glossary of Terminology
1	302 redirect: the process of a server sending a browser the location of a requested ad, rather than sending the ad itself. Ad servers use 302 redirects to allow them to track activities such as ad requests or ad clicks.
2	3G: the third-generation mobile network infrastructure. As of 2007, 3G technologies were deployed by mobile operators in most of Europe, East Asia, and North America. Supports much higher data speeds than previous mobile networks, in some cases approaching wired broadband connections. Core 3G technologies include: *Edge *Universal mobile telecommunications systems (UMTs) *CDMA2000 *LTW A fourth generation of mobile network infrastructure (4G) is expected to provide further improvements in speed and capacity, but standards have not yet been finalized.
3	3rd party ad serving: the purpose of ad serving is to deliver ads to users, manage the advertising space of a website, and, in the case of third-party ad servers, provide an independent counting and tracking system for advertisers/marketers. Ad servers also act as a system by which advertisers can count clicks/impressions in order to generate reports, which help determine ROI for an advertisement on a particular web page. Using a centralized ad server enables progress reports on-demand, and updates creative content in one place rather than using multiple servers with different publishers.
4	3rd party: a third party is an entity that collects information from or about users from a non-affiliates website or service. Third parties, such as data aggregators and ad networks, often create data products that span collection from websites and stores not owned or controlled by a single entity. By aggregating this information, third parties can offer smaller websites and stores that do not have the technical, data ,or service resources the ability to compete against large vertically integrated companies.
5	AAAA: founded in 1917, the American Association of Advertising Agencies (AAAA) is the national trade association representing the advertising agency business in the united states. See the AAAA’s official website.
6	AAS: average active sessions, the average number of streams of one minute or more that are active within a time period.
7	Abandonment: when a user leaves a shopping cart with something in it prior to completing the transaction.
8	Abort: when a web server does not successfully transfer a unit of content or ad to a browser. This is usually caused by a user hitting the stop button or clicking on another link prior to the completion of a download.
9	Above the fold (ATF): a term derived from newspaper print advertising, this means that an ad is placed on a website above the scroll line as the page is viewed before any scrolling occurs; in view before scrolling
10	Activity audit: independent verification of measured activity for a specified time period. Some of the key metrics validated are ad impressions, page impressions, clicks, total visits and unique users. An activity audit results in a report verifying the metrics. Formerly known as a count audit.
11	Ad audience: the number of unique users exposed to an ad within a specified time period.
12	Ad banner: also known as banner ads, one of the most dominant forms of advertising on the internet. Banner ads are a form of display advertising that can range from a static graphic to full motion video.
13	Ad blocker: software on a user’s browser which prevents advertisements from being displayed.
14	Ad campaign audit: an activity audit for a specific ad campaign.
15	Ad click: the user activity of pressing a navigation button or hitting the enter key on the keyboard on an advertisement unit on a web site (banner, button or text link). (see click-through)
16	Ad creative pixel: a pixel request embedded in an ad tag which calls a web server for the purpose of tracking that a user has viewed a particular ad. See web beacon.
17	Ad delivery: two methods are used to deliver ad content to the user – server-initiated and client-initiated
18	Ad download: when an ad is downloaded by a server to a user’s browser. Ads can be requested, but aborted or abandoned before actually being downloaded to the browser, and hence there would be no opportunity to see the ad by the user.
19	Ad exchange: a sales channel between publishers and ad networks that can also provide aggregated inventory to advertisers. They provide a technology platform that facilitates automated auction-based pricing and buying in real-time. Ad exchanges’ business models and practices may include features that are similar to those offered by ad networks. For the purposes of the IAB networks & exchanges quality assurance guidelines, the definition of an ad exchange excludes technology platforms that exclusively provide tools that enable direct media buying and selling between exchange participants.
20	Ad family: a collection of one or more ad creatives. Also called an ad campaign.
21	Ad hoc reporting: ad-hoc is Latin for as the occasion requires. This means that users can use their reporting and analysis solution to answer specific business questions as the occasion requires, without having to request queries from it.
22	Ad impression: the count of ads which are served to a user. Ads can be requested by the user’s browser (referred to as pulled ads) or they can be pushed, such as e-mailed ads. In a formal sense, ad impressions are a measurement of responses from an ad delivery system to an ad request from the user’s browser, which is filtered for robotic activity and is recorded at a point as late as possible in the process of delivery of the creative material to the user’s browser — therefore closest to the actual opportunity to be seen by the user. Two methods are used to deliver ad content to the user *Server-initiated: The publisher’s web content server for making requests, formatting and re-directing content *Client-initiated: Ad counting relies on the user’s browser to perform these activities. For organizations that use a server-initiated ad counting method, counting should occur subsequent to the ad response at either the publisher’s ad server or the web content server. For organizations using a client-initiated ad counting method, counting should occur at the publisher’s ad server or third-party ad server, subsequent to the ad request, or later, in the process.
23	Ad impression ratio: click-throughs divided by ad impressions. See click rate.
24	Ad insertion: when an ad is inserted in a document and recorded by the ad server.
25	Ad inventory: the aggregate number of opportunities near publisher content to display advertisement to visitors.
26	Ad materials: the creative artwork, copy, active URLs and active target sites which are due to the seller prior to the initiation of the ad campaign.
27	Ad network: provide an outsourced sales capability for publishers and a means to aggregate inventory and audiences from numerous sources in a single buying opportunity for media buyers. Ad networks may provide specific technologies to enhance value to both publishers and advertisers, including unique targeting capabilities, creative generation, and optimization. Ad networks’ business models and practices may include features that are similar to those offered by ad exchanges.
28	Ad ops: the team/function that is responsible for trafficking and optimizing digital ad campaigns.
29	Ad recall: a measure of advertising effectiveness in which a sample of respondents is exposed to an ad and then at a later point in time is asked if they remember the ad. Ad recall can be on an aided or unaided basis. Aided ad recall is when the respondent is told the name of the brand or category being advertised.
30	Ad request: the request for an advertisement as a direct result of a user’s action as recorded by the ad server. Ad requests can come directly from the user’s browser or from an intermediate internet resource, such as a web content server.
31	Ad rotation: ads are often rotated into ad spaces from a list. This is usually done automatically by software on the website or at a central site administered by an ad broker or server facility for a network of websites.
32	Ad server: an ad server is a web server dedicated to the delivery of advertisement. This specialization enables the tracking and management of advertising related metrics.
33	Ad serving: the delivery of ads by a server to an end user’s computer on which the ads are then displayed by a browser and/or cached. Ad serving is normally performed either by a web publisher or by a third-party ad server. Ads can be embedded in the page or served separately.
34	Ad space: the location on a page of a site in which an advertisement can be placed. Each space on a site is uniquely identified. Multiple ad spaces can exist on a single page.
35	Ad stream: the series of ads displayed by the user during a single visit to a site (also impression stream).
36	Ad tag: software code that an advertiser provides to a publisher or ad network that calls the advertisers ad server for the purposes of displaying an advertisement.
37	Ad targeting: delivering an ad to the appropriate audience. This may be done through behavioral targeting, contextual targeting or geographic targeting
38	Ad transfers: the successful display of an advertiser’s web site after the user clicked on an ad. When a user clicks on an advertisement, a click-through is recorded and re-directs or transfers the user’s browser to an advertiser’s web site. If the user successfully displays the advertiser’s web site, an ad transfer is recorded.
39	Ad unit: an ad or set of ads displayed as a result of a piece of ad code executing.
40	Ad verification best practices: set of industry guidelines, practices, and measurements established by the IAB and facilitated by the media rating council (MRC), with the participation of a large group of ad verification vendors, publishers, ad servers, ad networks, advertising agencies, and other interested organizations. The purpose of these guidelines is to provide assurance to marketers and their agency partners about the execution of internet advertising campaigns.
41	Ad view: a single ad that appears on a web page when the page arrives on the viewer’s display. Ad views are what most websites sell or prefer to sell. A web page may offer space for a number of ad views. In general, the term impression is more commonly used.
42	Ad: for web advertising, an ad is almost always a banner, graphic image, or set of animated images (in an animated gif) of a designated pixel size and byte size limit. An ad or set of ads for a campaign is often referred to as the creative. banners and other special advertising that include an interactive or visual element beyond the usual are known as rich media.
43	Add to cart: the user activity of storing merchandise in a virtual shopping cart that the user intends to later purchase from an online e-commerce website. This enables users to continue browsing and check-out later or alternately delete these items from the cart.
44	Address: a unique identifier for a computer or site online, usually a URL for a web site or marked with an @ for an e-mail address. Literally, it is how one computer finds the location of another computer using the internet.
45	Advertisement: a commercial message targeted to an advertiser’s customer or prospect.
46	Advertiser: the company paying for the advertisement.
47	Adware: computer software provided to the user free of charge or at a discounted price that downloads and displays advertising to support its continued development and maintenance. This software often tracks what internet sites the user visits.
48	Affiliate marketing: an agreement between two sites in which one site (the affiliate) agrees to feature content or an ad designed to drive traffic to another site. In return, the affiliate receives a percentage of sales or some other form of compensation generated by that traffic.
49	Affinity marketing: selling products or services to customers on the basis of their established buying patterns. The offer can be communicated by e-mail promotions, online or offline advertising.
50	Agency: an organization that, on behalf of clients, plans marketing and advertising campaigns, drafts and produces advertisements, places advertisements in the media. In interactive advertising, agencies often use third party technology (ad servers) and may place advertisements with publishers, ad networks and other industry participants.
51	Agency ad server: the ad server hosted by the advertising agency.
52	Aggregate campaign data: data combined from several advertising campaigns to create a segment where campaign level data is not identifiable.
53	Alternate text: a word or phrase that is displayed when a user has image loading disabled in their browser or when a user abandons a page by hitting stop in their browser prior to the transfer of all images.also appears as balloon text when a user lets their mouse rest over an image.
54	Animated gif: an animation created by combining multiple gif images in one file. The result is multiple images, displayed sequentially, giving the appearance of movement.
55	Animation: a programmatically generated display of sequential images, creating the illusion that objects in the image are moving. Not digital video, as it relates to this document (see the definition for video).
56	Anonymizer: an intermediary which prevents web sites from seeing a user’s internet protocol (IP) address.
57	Applet: a small, self-contained software application that is most often used by browsers to automatically display animation and/or to perform database queries requested by the user.
58	Applicable browser: any browser an ad will impact, regardless of whether it will play the ad.
59	Application programming interface (API): application programming interface is a set of commands. It is the language that programmers or developers use to communicate with a specific piece of software or hardware. For example, mobile ads delivered in apps use an api to communicate with an sdk (like mraid) that is built into the app.
60	Apps: short for applications, these are programs on a digital device (most commonly smartphones and tablets) that provide a specific service or function; usually will connect to the internet and can be ad-supported/free or paid.
61	ARF (Advertising Research Foundation): the premiere advertising industry association for creating, aggregating, synthesizing and sharing the knowledge required by decision makers in the field. The principal mission of the ARF is to improve the practice of advertising, marketing and media research in pursuit of more effective marketing and advertising communications.
62	Artifacting: distortion that is introduced into audio or video by the compression algorithm (CODEC). Compressed images may have stray pixels that were not present in the original image. See codec.
63	Aspect ratio: the width-to-height ratio of a picture or video frame. TV broadcasts at a 4:3 (1.33:1) aspect ratio; digital tv will be broadcast with a 16:9 (1.78:1) ratio; and most feature films are shot in at least a 1.85:1 ratio. IMUs have an aspect ratio of 6:5 (330x 250; 336 x 280; and 180 x 150).
64	Assets: logos, artwork, fonts, text, media files etc. That a brand uses in their advertising creative.
65	Association of National Advertisers (ANA): Leads the marketing community by providing its members insights, collaboration and advocacy. The ANA strives to promote and protect all advertisers and marketers. See ana.net for more information.
66	Attribute: a single piece of information known about a user and stored in a behavioral profile which may be used to match ad content to users. Attributes consist of demographic information (e.g., age, gender, geographical location), segment or cluster information (e.g., auto enthusiast), and retargeting information (e.g., visited site x two days ago). Segment or cluster information is derived from the user’s prior online activities (e.g., pages visited, content viewed, searches made and clicking and purchasing behaviors). Generally, this is anonymous data (non-PII).
67	Attribution: the process of connecting an ad event to a consumer action; or, more broadly, the process of connecting any consumer touchpoint a brand provides to a desired response.
68	Audience: an audience is the group of people who visit a specific web site or who are reached by a specific ad network.
69	Audience behavior: audience behaviors transcend race, age, and location and are more likely to connect you to a wider range of people who will use your product effectively. Information that can be used to target audience behaviors includes the total number of times they visit a website, the types of pages that they’re likely to visit, and the types of terms that they enter into internet search engines. This information can shed light on the way a person thinks, which allows you to target your product in new and effective ways.
70	Audience measurement: the counting of unique users (i.e. Audience) and their interaction with online content. At a campaign level, this service is conducted by a third party to validate that a publisher delivered what an advertiser had requested. At the industry level, this service enables media buyers to understand which brokers of online content to negotiate with to reach a specific audience.
71	Audience targeting: a method that enables advertisers to show an ad specifically to visitors based on their shared behavioral, demographic, geographic and/or technographic attributes. Audience targeting uses anonymous, non-PII data.
72	Audio: the audible file that may accompany ads. Advertising audio should not play without user-initiation in general. See detailed IAB New Ad Portfolio guidance for when it can be played without user initiation.
73	Audit: third party validation of log activity and/or measurement process associated with internet activity/advertising. Activity audits validate measurement counts. Process audits validate internal controls associated with measurement.
74	Auditor: a third-party independent organization that performs audits.
75	Authenticated viewing: when cable networks provide services where their customers can access television content online after logging in through a host site.
76	Auto play video ad: a video ad or an ad linked with video content that initiates ‘‘play’’ without user interaction or without an explicit action to start the video (essentially automatically starting without a ‘‘play’’ button being clicked by the user.)
77	Avatar: a graphical representation of an individual in a game or other virtual world or environment.
78	Average active sessions: the average number of streams of one minute or more that are active within a time period.
79	Average view time: refers to the average amount of time the video ad was played by users.
80	Backbone: high-volume, central, generally long-haul portion of a data network.
81	Bandwidth: the transmission rate of a communications line or system, expressed as kilobits per second (KBPS) or megabits per second (MBPS) for digital systems; the amount of data that can be transmitted over communications lines in a given time.
82	Bandwidth contention: a bottleneck that occurs when two or more files are simultaneously transmitted over a single data line. Unless the system is able to prioritize among the files, the effect is to slow delivery of each.
83	Banner: a graphic advertising image displayed on a web page also known as display ads, banner advertisements are a form of graphical ads embedded into a webpage, typically including a combination of static/animated images, text and/or video designed to convey a marketing message and/or cause the user to take an action. Banner dimensions are typically defined by width and height, represented in pixels.
84	Barter: the exchange of goods and services without the use of cash. The value of the barter is the dollar value of the goods and services being exchanged for advertising. This is a recognized form of revenue under GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles).
85	Beacon: a web beacon, also known as a web bug, 1 by 1 gif, invisible gif, and tracking pixel, is a tiny image referenced by a line of HTML or a block of JavaScript code embedded into a web site or third-party ad server to track activity. The image used is generally a single pixel that is delivered to the web browser with HTML instructions that keep it from affecting the web site layout. The web beacon will typically include user information like cookies on the HTTP headers, and web site information on the query string. Web beacons are used to collect data for web site and ad delivery analytics, and also specific events such as a registration or conversion:
86	Behavioral event: a behavioral event is a user-initiated action which may include, but is not limited to: searches, content views, clicks, purchases, and form-based information. They are generally anonymous and do not include personally identifiable information (PII).
87	Behavioral targeting: using previous online user activity (e.g., pages visited, content viewed, searches, clicks and purchases) to generate a segment which is used to match advertising creative to users (sometimes also called behavioral profiling, interest-based advertising, or online behavioral advertising). Behavioral targeting uses anonymous, non-PII data.
88	Below the fold (BTF): a term derived from newspaper print advertising, this means that an ad is placed on a website below the scroll line as the page is viewed before any scrolling occurs; out of view before scrolling
89	Benchmarking: process of comparing one’s business processes and performance metrics to best practices from other companies.
90	Beta: a test version of a product, such as a web site or software, prior to final release.
91	Between-the-page: also known as interstitial ads, between-the-page ad units display as a user navigates from one webpage to the next webpage. The ad appears after the user leaves the initial page, but before the target page displays on the user’s screen. The ad is self-contained within its own browser window and may not appear as an overlay on the target page content.
92	Beyond the banner: the idea that, in addition to banner ads, there are other ways to use the internet to communicate a marketing message. This includes sponsoring a website or feature, advertising in email newsletters, co-branding with another company, contest promotion, and finding new ways to engage and interact with the desired audience. An ad can also include an interstitial and streaming video infomercial. The banner itself can be transformed into a small rich media event.
93	Billboard: an IAB universal brand package ad unit template designed with options for rich interactivity to display prominently in line with publishers’ webpage content. A distinct feature of the billboard is a close button that a user may click to collapse the ad completely if the user doesn’t want to see the ad.
94	Bit rate: bit rate is a measure of bandwidth which indicates how much data is traveling from one place to another on a computer network. Bit rate is commonly measured in bits per second (bps), kilobits per second (kbps), or megabits per second (MBPS). The bitrate is one of the biggest factors in audio or video quality. The bit rate of an audio or video stream indicates how much data must be transferred concurrently in order to properly receive the stream. Buffering can help mitigate variance in available bandwidth. Note that bit rate does not describe how long it takes to get from one part of the network to another, only how many bits can be transferred concurrently. See latency for a measurement of delay.
95	Blog: a blog (a portmanteau of the term web log) is a web-published journal consisting of discrete entries (posts) typically displayed in reverse chronological order so the most recent post appears first. Blogs are usually the work of a single individual, although corporate blogs often have multiple staff contributors. Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog. The emergence of blogging has been attributed to the advent of easy-to-use web publishing tools like an open diary, LiveJournal, and blogger.com. The modern blogging landscape includes advanced and customizable blogging platforms like WordPress, movable type, and Drupal. Successful blogs tend to focus on one topic, building a community of interested readers who interact through comments on posts. This targeted, engaged audience can drive additional value to advertisers, both during traditional campaigns and through sponsored content.
96	Blog metrics: there are two concepts that surface when targeting media plans to blogs: conversations and conversation phrases. A conversation is a collection of authors/sites and their audience linked by relevant content. A conversation phrase is a combination of keywords and keyword phrases used to associate an author/site, its content and audiences to a conversation.
97	Bonus impressions: additional ad impressions above the commitments outlined in the approved insertion order.
98	Bot: software that runs automatically without human intervention. Typically, a bot is endowed with the capability to react to different situations it may encounter. Two common types of bots are agents and spiders. Bots are used by companies like search engines to discover web sites for indexing. Short for robot.
99	Bounce: see e-mail bounce.
100	Bounce rate: figured as a percentage, this compares the number of visitors to a website who arrive and immediately leave vs. Those who stay and spend time on the site; can be used to measure the effectiveness of a website, a search campaign or an ad campaign.
101	Brand awareness: research studies can associate ad effectiveness to measure the impact of online advertising on key branding metrics.
102	Brand brief: an input document typically provided to agencies to distill important information inclusive of target audience, communication objectives, key points to communicate brand personality, and other considerations.
103	Brand competitive set: a marketing term used to identify the principal group of competitors for a company. Competitive sets are used for benchmarking purposes, market penetration analyses, and to help develop positioning strategies.
104	Brand guidelines: a set of rules that explain how your brand works and includes basic information such as an overview of your brand’s history, vision, personality, and key values.
105	Brand history: background information on specific advertisers that provides a perspective on how that brand is perceived by their industry. This typically includes business performance, market share, challenges, when the company was started, and how they are positioned in the marketplace. This information is incorporated into brand briefs.
106	Brand metrics: measurable KPIs associated with branding objectives, such as brand lift, affinity, or favorability.
107	Brand responsiveness: a seamless blend of branding and direct response focused activity delivered through a single campaign. The purpose of all activity is to drive response (both short and longer term) while building the brand.
108	Brand safety guidelines: a recognized set of industry quality assurance standards and benchmarks that provides high levels of confidence to marketers to invest more in digital advertising. Current brand safety guidelines include viewability and ad fraud.
109	Brand verticals: a brand that is focused on a specific industry where demand stems exclusively from a demographic, also known as a niche market. Companies that employ vertical marketing tactics either create products intended for a specific type of consumer or attempt to make existing products appealing to those consumers.
110	Broadband: an internet connection that delivers a relatively high bit rate – any bit rate at or above 256 kbps. Cable modems and DSL all offer broadband connections.
111	Broadband video commercials: tv-like advertisements that may appear as in-page video commercials or before, during, and/or after a variety of content in a player environment including but not limited to, streaming video, animation, gaming, and music video content. Broadband video commercials may appear in live, archived, and downloadable streaming content.
112	Browser: a software program that can request, download, cache and display documents available on the web.
113	Browser sniffer: software that detects capabilities of the user’s browser (looking for such things as java capabilities, plug-ins, screen resolution, and bandwidth).
114	BtoB/B2B (business-to-business): businesses whose primary customers are other businesses.
115	BtoC/B2C (business-to-consumer): businesses whose primary customers are consumers.
116	Buffering: when a streaming media player temporarily stores portions of a streaming media (e.g., audio or video) file on a client pc until there is enough information for the stream to begin playing.
117	Bug: a persistent, graphical element that appears in the video environment. Clicking on it will take the user to a website.
118	Bulk e-mail folder: see junk e-mail folder.
119	Bumper ad: usually refers to a linear video ad with clickable call-to-action; format is usually shorter than full linear ads (i.e. 3-10 seconds) and call-to-action usually can load another video or can bring up a new site while pausing the content.
120	Business visitor: a user that accesses online content in furtherance of their employment.
121	Button: (1) clickable graphic that contains certain functionality, such as taking one someplace or executing a program or (2) a small rectangular standard ad unit with the size 120×60 pixels, see the IAB’s ad unit guidelines for voluntary guidelines defining specifications of button ads.
122	Byte: a unit of digital information in computing and telecommunications that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, a byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the basic addressable element in many computer architectures.
123	Cable modem: a device that permits high speed connectivity to the internet over a cable television system.
124	Cache: memory used to temporarily store the most frequently requested content/files/pages in order to speed its delivery to the user. Caches can be local (i.e. On a browser) or on a network. In the case of local cache, most computers have both memory (RAM), and disk (hard drive) cache.
125	Cache busting: the process by which sites or servers serve content or HTML in such a manner as to minimize or prevent browsers or proxies from serving content from their cache. This forces the user or proxy to fetch a fresh copy for each request. Among other reasons, cache busting is used to provide a more accurate count of the number of requests from users.
126	Cached ad impressions: the delivery of an advertisement to a browser from local cache or a proxy server’s cache. When a user requests a page that contains a cached ad, the ad is obtained from the cache and displayed.
127	Caching: the practice of temporarily storing files on local servers for quick retrieval the next time the file is needed. Cached files supply an old copy that may not be up to date with the file stored at the original source, but are often necessary for improving page load performance.
128	Campaign: in traditional marketing, a campaign is a series of advertisement messages that share a single idea and theme. In digital advertising, a campaign will refer to a set of ad buys from a specific ad network or publisher. Also, the advertising period in which an ad delivery strategy is executed.
129	Campaign briefs: a document that states what the advertiser would like the promotional campaign to achieve. It is effectively the promotional campaign instructions for the team writing the promotional campaign.
130	CARU: division of the council of better business bureaus that reviews advertising and promotional material directed at children in all media.
131	Category landscape: when referring to media, it refers to consumer media consumption across specific types of content focus and time including news, lifestyle, print, radio, daytime, primetime, and late fringe.
132	CDN: an acronym for content distribution network, a CDN is a system of geographically dispersed servers used to provide web content to a browser or other client. Files are strategically pulled from a server on the network based on the location of the user, the requesting server, and the delivery server of the CDN to provide the best delivery performance.
133	CGI (common gateway interface) script: CGI’s are used to allow a user to pass data to a web server, most commonly in a web-based form. Specifically, CGI scripts are used with forms such as pull-down menus or text-entry areas with an accompanying submit button. The input from the form is processed by a program (the CGI script itself) on a remote web server.
134	Channel mix: combination of media channels employed in meeting the promotional objectives of a marketing plan or campaign. Generally, a channel mix can include radio, tv, print, and online advertising.
135	Chat: online interactive communication between two or more people on the web. One can talk in real time with other people in a chat room, typically by typing, though voice chat is available.
136	Chat room: an area online where people can communicate with others in real-time.
137	CLEAR ad notice: CLEAR is an acronym for control links for education and advertising responsibly, a set of technical guidelines developed by IAB and the Network Advertising Initiative (NAI) to empower members of the online advertising community to communicate their presence and behavioral advertising targeting practices (if any) to consumers in a simple and direct manner.
138	Click: an interaction between a website visitor and the browser in which the website visitor uses a device, such as a mouse, to move the cursor (or pointer) to an active area of the screen and then deliberately interacts with that area by clicking a button on their device, triggering an event. In the case of touch-screen devices, the user clicks by touching the active area with their finger or a stylus. According to the ad industry recommended guidelines from fast, a click is when a visitor interacts with an advertisement. this does not mean simply interacting with a rich media ad, but actually clicking on it so that the visitor is headed toward the advertiser’s destination. (it also does not mean that the visitor actually waits to fully arrive at the destination, but just that the visitor started going there.)
139	Click fraud: click fraud is a type of internet crime that occurs in pay per click online advertising when a person, automated script, or computer program imitates a legitimate user of a web browser clicking on an ad, for the purpose of generating a charge per click without having actual interest in the target of the ad’s link.
140	Click rate: ratio of ad clicks to ad impressions, the click rate is the percentage of ad views that resulted in click throughs, which indicates the ad’s effectiveness and results in the viewer getting to the website where other messages can be provided. A successful click rate depends on campaign objectives, how enticing or explicit the message is (a message that is complete within the banner may be less apt to be clicked), audience/message matching, how new the banner is, and how often it is displayed to the same user. In general, click rates for high-repeat, branding banners vary from 0.15% to 1%. Ads with provocative, mysterious, or other compelling content can induce click rates ranging from 1 to 5%. The click rate for a given ad tends to diminish with repeated exposure.
141	Click stream: a click stream is a recorded path of the pages a user requested in going through one or more websites. Click stream information can help website owners understand how visitors are using their site and which pages are getting the most use. It can help advertisers understand how users get to the client’s pages, what pages they look at, and how they go about ordering a product.
142	Click through rate (CTR): the percentage of ad impressions that were clicked on as compared to the entire number of clicks [CTR% = (clicks ÷ imps) x 100], ratio of users who click on a specific link to the number of total users who view a page, email, or advertisement. CTR is commonly used to measure the success of an online advertising campaign for a particular website as well as the effectiveness of email campaigns.
143	Click through: the measurement of a user clicking on a link that re-directs the user’s web-enabled device to another web destination, a click through is what the sponsoring site counts as a result of an ad click. In practice, click and click through tend to be used interchangeably. A click through, however, implies that the user actually went to the page. Some advertisers pay only for click throughs rather than for ad impressions.
144	Click-stream: (1) the electronic path a user takes while navigating from site to site, and from page to page within a site or (2) a comprehensive body of data describing the sequence of activity between a user’s browser and any other internet resource, such as a web site or third-party ad server.
145	Click-within: similar to click down or click. But more commonly, click-withins are ads that allow the user to drill down and click, while remaining in the advertisement, not leaving the site on which they are residing.
146	Click-stream data: a clickstream is the recording of what a computer user clicks on while web browsing. As the user clicks anywhere in the webpage or application, the action is logged on a client or inside the web server, as well as possibly the web browser and ad servers. Clickstream data analysis can be used to create a user profile that aids in understanding the types of people that visit a company’s website, or predict whether a customer is likely to purchase from an e-commerce website.
147	Client: a client can refer to either a computer or a software program running on a computer that contacts a server over a network, generally the internet. A client typically establishes connections to servers in response to activities or configurations made by a human operator. Internet explorer and other web browsers, Microsoft outlook and other e-mail programs are all examples of software clients.
148	Client-side: refers to activities taking place on the client as opposed to on the server. Examples are client side counting and client-side redirects.
149	Client-initiated ad impression: one of the two methods used for ad counting. Ad content is delivered to the user via two methods – server-initiated and client-initiated. Client-initiated ad counting relies on the user’s browser for making requests, formatting and re-directing content. For organizations using a client-initiated ad counting method, counting should occur at the publisher’s ad server or third-party ad server, subsequent to the ad request, or later, in the process. See server-initiated ad impression.
150	Close X: a creative control that enables a user to close an ad (remove it from view) or to reduce an expanded panel back to its original size.
151	Cloud: a term used by web-based companies offering users the ability to access files or services from devices that are connected to the internet (the opposite of storing files or programs on a hard or external drive).
152	Co-op advertising: the creation of advertisements by one party (usually retailers) that include the specific mention of a second party (usually manufacturers) where the second party will pay some or all of the advertising cost. For example, a hair salon that mentions specific hair care products in their copy in order to receive some form of payment from the product manufacturer.
153	Codec: short for compressor/decompressor. Codecs are computer algorithms that are used to compress the size of audio, video, and image files for streaming over a data network or storage on a computer. Apple’s QuickTime, Microsoft’s windows media video, and mp3 are examples of common codecs.
154	Collapse: an event where the expanded panel of an expandable ad reduces to its original size, or disappears completely.
155	Common file types: includes Flash, Adobe’s vector-based rich media file format (e.g. .mov: video file). Obtained for displaying or creating ad creative, text ads, etc. Flash is used for animation in display, while .mov is used for displaying video ads.
156	Communication: the activity of conveying information by or to people or groups. Examples of online communication include email, instant messaging, text-messaging, group-messaging.
157	Communication error: the failure of a web browser/web server to successfully request/transfer a document.
158	Companion ad: both linear and non-linear video ad products have the option of pairing their core video ad product with what is commonly referred to as companion ads. Commonly text, display ads, rich media, or skins that wrap around the video experience, can run alongside either or both the video or ad content. The primary purpose of the companion ad product is to offer sustained visibility of the sponsor throughout the video content experience. Companion ads may offer click-through interactivity and rich media experiences such as expansion of the ad for further engagement opportunities.
159	Competitive separation: length of time between commercials for the same product category. In digital media it can also refer to the number of ads for a specific product category appearing on a specific web page.
160	Completes: completes refer to whether the video played to completion.
161	Compression: the practice of packaging a digital file so that it uses less storage space.
162	Connected TV: a television set that is connected to the internet and is able to access web-based content, also referred to as advanced tv. TVs can be connected through an add-on device like PlayStation, Roku, or an amazon fire tv stick. The tv can also have connectivity capabilities built in. The content viewed is all video on-demand, and streams similarly to how you would stream video content on your computer, smartphone, or tablet. Ott (over the top) is a term used to describe any of the devices used to connect a tv to the internet.
163	Content (site/page): site content is the textual, visual or aural content is encountered as part of the user experience on a website. It may include, among other things: text, images, sounds, animations and videos. Web content is dominated by the page concept, with multiple pages of related content typically forming a site.
164	Content delivery network: a service that hosts online assets and provides content management via servers located around the globe to reduce the latency of downloads to users.
165	Content integration: advertising woven into editorial content or placed in a contextual envelope. Also known as web advertorial.
166	Content marketing: content marketing any marketing that involves the creation and sharing of media and publishing content in order to acquire and retain customers.
167	Contextual ads: existing contextual ad engines deliver text and image ads to non-search content pages. Ads are matched to keywords extracted from content. Advertisers can leverage existing keyboard-based paid search campaigns and gain access to a larger audience.
168	Contextual targeting: targeting content that deals with specific topics, as determined by a contextual scanning technology.
169	Control group: a term used in ad effectiveness measurement; the collection of consumers who were not exposed to an ad (their actions are then compared to the exposed group – the group that did see the ad – and the difference between the two groups should show the effectiveness of the ad campaign).
170	Controls: active elements of an ad that enable a user to control the advertising experience. Examples of common controls include the close x button in an expandable ad or the play/pause/mute buttons in a video player.
171	Conversion: a conversion occurs when the user performs the specific action that the advertiser has defined as the campaign goal. Conversions are often tracked by a web beacon, called a conversion pixel.
172	Conversion pixel: a conversion pixel is a specific type of web beacon that is triggered to indicate that a user has successfully completed a specific action such as a purchase or registration. This user action is considered a conversion.
173	Conversion rate: the percentage of users who complete a desired action (e.g., purchase or registration) compared to all users who were exposed to an online ad.
174	Cookie: also known as an HTTP cookie, web cookie, or browser cookie, is a string of text sent from a web server to a user’s browser that the browser is expected to send back to the web server in subsequent interactions. A cookie has a few core attributes: the cookie value, the domain and path within which it is valid, and the cookie expiry. There are other attributes as well that limit the cookie to https-only transactions, or hide it from JavaScript. The domain and path define the scope of the cookie – they tell the browser that cookies should only be sent back to the server for the given domain and path. Cookies that do not have a specific expiration date and time are automatically deleted when the web browser is next closed. Cookies with a set expiry time are considered persistent cookies, while cookies without set expiry times are considered session cookies. The domain and path define the scope of the cookie – they tell the browser that cookies should only be sent back to the server for the given domain and path. Cookies that do not have a specific expiration date and time are automatically deleted when the web browser is next closed. Cookies with a set expiry time are considered persistent cookies, while cookies without set expiry times are considered session cookies. In online advertising, cookies generally store a unique identifier, and may contain information like what ads were recently seen (for frequency capping), when the cookie was created (to discover short duration identities), and other simple attributes.
175	Cookie buster: software that blocks the placement of cookies on a user’s browser.
176	Cookie matching: a method of enabling data appending by linking one company’s user identifier to another company’s user identifier. Cookie: a file on a web user’s hard drive (kept in one of the subdirectories under the browser file directory) used by websites to record data about the user. Some ad rotation software uses cookies to see which ad the user has just seen so that a different ad will be rotated into the next page view.
177	COPPA: Congress enacted the COPPA in 1998 to prohibit unfair or deceptive acts or practices in connection with the collection, use, or disclosure of personally identifiable information from and about children on the internet. Section 6502(b)(1) of the act sets forth a series of general privacy protections to prevent unfair or deceptive online information collection from or about children, and directs the commission to adopt regulations to implement those protections. The act requires operators of web sites directed to children and operators who knowingly collect personal information from children to: (1) provide parents notice of their information practices; (2) obtain prior verifiable parental consent for the collection, use, and/or disclosure of personal information from children (with certain limited exceptions for the collection of online contact information, e.g., an e-mail address); (3) provide a parent, upon request, with the means to review the personal information collected from his/her child; (4) provide a parent with the opportunity to prevent the further use of personal information that has already been collected, or the future collection of personal information from that child; (5) limit collection of personal information for a child’s online participation in a game, prize offer, or other activity to information that is reasonably necessary for the activity; and (6) establish and maintain reasonable procedures to protect the confidentiality, security, and integrity of the personal information collected.
178	COPPR: issued by the FTC in October 1999 the children’s online privacy protection rule went into effect on April 21, 2000, and implements the requirements of the COPPA by requiring operators of websites or online services directed to children and operators of web sites or online services who have actual knowledge that the person from whom they seek information is a child (1) to post prominent links on their web sites to a notice of how they collect, use, and/or disclose personal information from children; (2) with certain exceptions, to notify parents that they wish to collect information from their children and obtain parental consent prior to collecting, using, and/or disclosing such information; (3) not to condition a child’s participation in online activities on the provision of more personal information than is reasonably necessary to participate in the activity; (4) to allow parents the opportunity to review and/or have their children’s information deleted from the operator’s database and to prohibit further collection from the child; and (5) to establish procedures to protect the confidentiality, security, and integrity of personal information they collect from children. As directed by the COPPA, the rule also provides a safe harbor for operators following commission-approved self-regulatory guidelines. See www.caru.org for more information.
179	Core ad video: the essential video asset, often repurposed from offline. Can be displayed directly in the player, or in a more customized presentation.
180	Cost per action (CPA): what an advertiser pays for each visitor that takes some specifically defined action in response to an ad beyond simply clicking on it. For example, a visitor might visit an advertiser’s site and request to subscribe to their newsletter.
181	Cost per completed view (CPCV): the price an advertiser pays every time a video ad runs through to completion. Rather than paying for all impressions, some of which may have been stopped before completion, an advertiser only pays for ads that finished (CPCV= cost ÷ completed views).
182	Cost per download (CPD): the price an advertiser pays every time a desired download (such as a coupon download) occurs via an ad unit; rather than paying for all impressions, and advertiser only pays when the desired outcome occurs [CPD= cost ÷ download]
183	Cost per engagement (CPE): the price an advertiser pays every time a consumer interacts with a rich media ad unit; rather than paying for all impressions, and advertiser only pays when the desired interaction occurs [CPE= cost ÷ engagement]
184	Cost per lead: a more specific form of cost per action in which a visitor provides enough information at the advertiser’s site (or in an interaction with a rich media ad) to be used as a sales lead. You can estimate cost per lead regardless of how you pay for the ad (in other words, buying on a pay per lead basis is not required to calculate the cost per lead).
185	Cost per point (CPP): pricing model based on the cost of a campaign divided by each full percentage rating point of a targeted demographic that the campaign successfully reaches.
186	Cost per sale (CPS): the advertiser’s cost to generate one sales transaction. Sites that sell products directly from their website or can otherwise determine sales generated as the result of an advertising sales lead can calculate the cost per sale of web advertising. If this is being used in conjunction with a media buy, a cookie can be offered on the content site and read on the advertiser’s site after the successful completion of an online sale.
187	Cost per thousand targeted (CPTM): is cost per thousand targeted ad impressions, implying that the audience you’re selling is targeted to particular demographics.
188	Cost per unique visitor: total cost of the placement or application, divided by the number of unique visitors.
189	Cost per view (CPV): pricing model where the advertiser only pays for a video start. Typically sold at 1,000 impressions.
190	Cost per viewable impression: pricing model where the advertiser only pays for video ad impressions that are considered viewable based upon MRC and IAB viewability guidelines. Typically sold at 1,000 impressions.
191	Cost-per-click (CPC): CPC or cost-per-click is the cost of advertising based on the number of clicks received.
192	Cost-per-customer (CPC): CPC or cost-per-customer is the cost an advertiser pays to acquire a customer.
193	Count audit: see activity audit.
194	CPA: cost of advertising based on a visitor taking some specifically defined action in response to an ad. Examples of actions include such things as completing a sales transaction, or filling out a form.
195	CPL: cost of advertising based on the number of database files (leads) received.
196	CPM: media term describing the cost of 1,000 impressions, an industry standard measure for selling ads on websites. For example, a web site that charges $1,500 per ad and reports 100,000 impressions has a CPM of $15 ($1,500 divided by 100). This measure is taken from print advertising. The M is taken from the roman numeral for thousand.
197	CPO: cost of advertising based on the number of orders received. Also called cost-per-transaction.
198	CPT: see CPO (cost-per-order).
199	CPTM: implying that the audience one is trying to reach is defined by particular demographics or other specific characteristics, such as male golfers age 18-25. The difference between CPM and CPTM is that CPM is for gross impressions, while CPTM is for targeted impressions.
200	CPU: CPU is an acronym for central processing unit, the key component of a computer system, which contains the circuitry necessary to interpret and execute program instructions.
201	CPU spike: a brief increase in central processing power, sustained for no more than a few seconds, experienced while heavy content is loaded/executed.
202	CPU usage %: a guideline for the amount of central processing power used to display advertising content compared to what’s available on an individual’s computer. CPU usage percentage can be measured directly, during the execution of an online ad. In addition to file size, the complexity of drawings, gradients, slow moving animations and detailed moving elements can affect the number of calculations the CPU must make for each frame.
203	CPX pricing: refers to how media is bought on a cost per basis. The x is replaced by m (CPM) to refer to cost per thousand, or c (CPC) to refer to cost per click, or any variant of a (CPA) cost per action.
204	Creative: an advertising unit created by an ad designer, in accordance with publisher specifications and guidelines, for the purpose of communicating a marketing message to that publisher’s audience. One creative may consist of multiple files in various formats, such as standard images, animation, video, execution files (.HTML, .js, etc.) And other files that work together for an interactive experience.
205	Creative dimensions: measured in pixels, the width and height of an ad unit (W x H). The width is always the first dimension listed, followed by the height dimension (i.e. an ad that is 300×250 is 300 pixels wide by 250 pixels high).
206	Creative retargeting: a method that enables advertisers to show an ad specifically to visitors that previously were exposed to or interacted with the advertisers’ creative.
207	Cross-device targeting: the ability to serve sequential ad messages to the same consumer from one device to the next (e.g. First on a person’s desktop then again on his/her smartphone).
208	Cross-screen measurement: the tracking and measurement of video metrics across mobile/tablet/out of home/television/advanced tv/desktop that can be tied to the same user.
209	Cross-site analytics: statistics that span multiple web sites. In the interactive advertising industry, there are two main consumers for cross-site analytics – large publishers, who want to understand traffic behavior over multiple properties, and advertisers, who want to understand inventory before a campaign and success metrics afterwards. Cross-site advertiser analytics allow an advertiser to optimize and audit the delivery of creative content on pre-bought publisher inventory. Data can range from numbers of pages visited, to content visited, to purchases made by a particular user. Such data is used to surmise future habits of user or best placement for a particular advertiser based on success
210	Crowdsourcing: taking a task that would conventionally be performed by a contractor or employee and turning it over to a typically large, undefined group of people via an open call for responses.
211	CSS: a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in a markup language. CSS provides a more elegant alternative to straight HTML to quickly specify the look and feel of a single web page or a group of multiple web pages.
212	Cursor: the graphical representation of a pointer on a user screen, controlled by the user’s interaction with controlling devices such as a mouse, mouse pad, stylus or other input hardware.
213	Customer relationship management (CRM): the set of business practices that guide a company’s interactions with current and future customers in all areas, from sales, marketing, and loyalty programs, to customer service, and technical support.
214	Cyber cafe: a public venue like a bar or cafe which contains computers with access to the internet.
215	DACUM: acronym for developing a curriculum. Developing a curriculum is a process that incorporates the use of a focus group and a facilitated storyboarding process to capture the major duties and related tasks included in an occupation, as well as necessary knowledge, skills, and traits.
216	Data: in interactive advertising, the computer science definition of data is most often used – that is, information in a form suitable for use with a computer. Most commonly, three types of data are associated with cookies for interactive advertising: *Observed facts: An interaction that is recorded directly. This includes: 1. Browser information (user agent, operating system, installed plug-ins, for example). 2. Ad impressions, clicks, and conversions. 3. Searches, pages viewed. *Declared facts: Information generally recorded as part of site registration or use that is provided directly from a human. This includes: 1. Demographic information like age, gender, and occupation. 2. Social connections. 3. Geographic information like state and zip. *Inferred facts: By aggregating observed facts and comparing them against other sets of observed and declared facts, a third type of data can be generated. Examples of inferred facts include: 1. Friend suggestions. 2. Demographic information, when it hasn’t been declared. 3. Market segment.
217	Data aggregator: a data aggregator is an organization that collects and compiles data from various sources, often offering results or access for resale. There are three primary types of data aggregators: * Offline data aggregators: Generally establishing an interest in managing data from sources prior to the proliferation of the internet, companies like Acxiom and ChoicePoint have offered data acquired through both public record and private sources (like customer loyalty cards) for sale. This data is primarily sold to advertisers at the zip or zip+4 level, in order to maintain anonymity. Increasingly, the offline data is migrated for use in online campaign targeting. * Online data aggregators: Most often called data management platforms (DMPs), companies like Lotame and Bluekai establish relationships with a large number of websites in order to gain a big-picture view of cookied users that would be inaccessible to individual sites. * Personal data aggregators: Used primarily for either investigation of an individual or reputation management, companies like Spoke and chi.mp allow information for an individual to be collected in one place. This has little use for digital advertising.
218	Data append: user data from one source is linked to a user’s profile from another source.
219	Data management platform (DMP): a system that allows the collection of audience intelligence by advertisers and ad agencies, thereby allowing better ad targeting in subsequent campaigns on a combination of in-depth first- and third-party audience data. They help to accurately target campaigns to these audiences across third party ad networks and exchanges, and measure with accuracy how campaigns perform.
220	Daughter window: an ad that runs in a separate ad window associated with a concurrently displayed banner. In normal practice, the content and banner are rendered first and the daughter window appears thereafter.
221	DBPC: acronym for Digital Media Buying and Planning Certification
222	Deal ID: a number that is assigned to a programmatic ad transaction used by both the buyer and seller to transact on prearranged parameters; in invitation-only auctions (aka private marketplaces).
223	Deep packet inspection: a form of computer network packet filtering that examines the data and/or header part of a packet as it passes an inspection point. In the context of online advertising, it is used to collect data, typically through an internet service provider, which can be used to display targeted advertising to users based on previous web activity.
224	Demand side platform (DSP): also called buy side optimizer and buy side platform, is a technology platform that provides centralized and aggregated media buying from multiple sources including ad exchanges, ad networks and sell side platforms, often leveraging real time bidding capabilities of these sources. DSPs allow advertisers to buy impressions across a range of publisher sites, but targeted to specific users based on information including location and previous browsing behavior. Publishers make ad impressions available through marketplaces called ad exchanges and DSPs automatically decide which impressions make the most sense for an advertiser to buy. Price is often determined by a real-time auction through a process known as real time bidding.
225	Demographic targeting: a method that enables advertisers to show an ad specifically to visitors based on demographic information such as age, gender and income which may come from, site registration data or an inference-based mechanism.
226	Demographics: common characteristics about the size and characteristics of a population or audience used for population or audience segmentation, such as age, gender, household income, purchasing history, personal preferences, etc.
227	Designated market area (DMA): as defined by Nielsen on Nielsen.com, DMA (designated market area) regions are the geographic areas in the united states in which local television viewing is measured by the Nielsen Company. The DMA data are essential for any marketer, researcher, or organization seeking to utilize standardized geographic areas within their business. (note: these regions can be applied to digital marketing as well as traditional tv)
228	Desktop application: software that is installed on a computer.
229	DHTML: an extended set of HTML commands which are used by web designers to create much greater animation and interactivity than HTML.
230	Digital-out-of-home (DOOH): also called digital outdoor, this type of ad platform allows the opportunity for the screen to rotate through different advertisers, or to rotate through a single brand’s creative, and in some cases even allows passersby to interact either through touching or motion. DOOH can be used for advertising wrapped around buildings in times square, on large billboards along the highway, and in kiosks in airports and malls.
231	Digital signatures: signatures for electronic documents. They establish identity and therefore can be used to establish legal responsibility and the complete authenticity of whatever they are affixed to — in effect, creating a tamper-proof seal.
232	Digital subscriber line: a digital subscriber line (DSL) connection is a high-speed dedicated digital circuit from a given location to the telephone company’s central office, using normal copper telephone lines. DSL is the main form of consumer broadband worldwide. DSL is a general term that includes several variations: ADSL: asymmetric digital subscriber line, ranging up to 1.5 MBPS HDSL: high-bit-rate digital subscriber line, 1.5 MBPS SDSL: single-line digital subscriber line, 1.5 MBPS VDSL: very high-data-rate digital subscriber line, ranging up to 2.3 MBPS RDSL: rate adaptive digital subscriber line, various speeds
233	Digital video server: a robust, dedicated computer at a central location that receives command requests from the television viewer through a video-on-demand application. Once it receives this request, it then instantly broadcasts specific digital video streams to that viewer.
234	Direct response (DR): an ad that is designed to have the viewer take immediate action; for example, in digital advertising, this often means a click, sign up, download, or purchase
235	Display advertising: a form of online advertising where an advertiser’s message is shown on a destination web page, generally set off in a box at the top or bottom or to one side of the content of the page.
236	Domain name: the unique name that identifies an internet site. Every domain name consists of one top or high-level and one or more lower-level designators. Top-level domains (TLDs) are either generic or geographic. Generic top-level domains include .com (commercial), .net (network), .edu (educational), .org (organizational, public or non-commercial), .gov (governmental), .mil (military); .biz (business), .info (informational),.name (personal), .pro (professional), .aero (air transport and civil aviation), .coop (business cooperatives such as credit unions) and .museum. Geographic domains designate countries of origin, such as .us (United States), .fr (France), .uk (United Kingdom), etc.
237	DPO: a unique address from which a browser connects to a web site on the internet.
238	Drill down: when an online user accesses more and more pages of the web site, i.e., he or she goes deeper into the content of the site.
239	DVR: a high capacity hard drive that is embedded in a set-top box, which records video programming from a television set. DVRs enable the viewer to pause, fast forward, and store tv programming.
240	Dwell rate: the percentage of users exposed to a given piece of rich media content or advertising who interact with that content moving their cursors over it (but not clicking).
241	Dwell time: the amount of time that a user keeps his or her cursor stationary over a given icon, graphic, ad unit, or another piece of web content. Often used in the context of expandable ads, where the ad increases in size only when users roll over it with their mice. Usually calculated and reported as an average across all viewers of a piece of content.
242	Dynamic ad insertion: the process by which an ad is inserted into a page in response to a user’s request. Dynamic ad placement allows alteration of specific ads placed on a page based on any data available to the placement program. At its simplest, dynamic ad placement allows for multiple ads to be rotated through one or more spaces. In more sophisticated examples, the ad placement could be affected by demographic data or usage history for the current user.
243	Dynamic creative: ad creative, customized in advance, that is able to transform itself upon delivery to target relevant audience segments. Customization may include delivering a specific combination of ad content such as copy, background images, and size and color of the call-to-action button.
244	Dynamic IP address: an IP address (assigned by an ISP to a client PC) that changes periodically.
245	Dynamic rotation: delivery of ads on a rotating, random basis so that users are exposed to different ads and ads are served in different pages of the site.
246	E-commerce: the process of selling products or services via the web.
247	Email advertising: banner ads, links or advertiser sponsorships that appear in email newsletters, email marketing campaigns and other commercial email communications. Includes all types of electronic mail (e.g., basic text or HTML-enabled).
248	Email bounce: an email that cannot be delivered to the mailbox provider and is sent back to the e-mail service provider that sent it. A bounce is classified as either hard or soft. Hard bounces are the failed delivery of email due to a permanent reason, such as a non-existent address. Soft bounces are the failed delivery of email due to a temporary issue, such as a full inbox or an unavailable ISP server.
249	Email campaign: advertising campaign distributed via e-mail.
250	Email inbox: within a mailbox provider, the default, primary folder that stores delivered e-mail messages.
251	Email mailbox provider: the e-mail program, and by extension the server, that hosts the targeted e-mail address.
252	Email preview pane: a small window within a mailbox provider that allows the user to view some e-mail content without opening the e-mail.
253	Email service provider (ESP): a business or organization that provides the e-mail campaign delivery technology. ESPs may also provide services for marketing, advertising and general communication purposes.
254	Earned media: when people speak about and share your brand and your product, either in response to content you’ve shared or via voluntary mentions. Its free publicity generated by fans.
255	Effective CPM: effective CPM – the average CPM of a campaign [ECPM= total cost ÷ total imps x 1000];
256	Electronic programming guide: an electronic programming guide is an application that allows the viewer to interactively select television programming.
257	Encoder: a hardware or software application used to compress audio and video signals for the purpose of streaming. See codec.
258	Encoding: the process of compressing and separating a file into packets so that it can be delivered over a network.
259	Encryption: securing digital information so that it is unreadable without the use of digital keys.
260	Engagement: a general term used to classify interaction a consumer has with brand content, whether it be in an ad, on a brand’s site, or via a brand’s social media profile page.
261	Ethernet: a networking technology that links computers together in local area networks.
262	ETV (enhanced television): a type of interactive television technology which allows content producers to send data and graphical enhancements through a small part of the regular analog broadcast signal called the vertical blanking interval. These enhancements appear as overlays on the video and allow viewers to click on them if they are watching tv via special set-top box/software services.
263	Event trackers: primarily used for click-through tracking today, but also for companion banner interactions and video session tracking (e.g. 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%).
264	Expandable ads: rich media ads that can be enlarged to dimensions beyond the initial dimensions of the placement they fill on the webpage. The user initiates expanding events, sometimes after the ad initially expands briefly on its own to catch the user’s attention.
265	Expandable banners: expandable banners are rich media ads that expand in size when a user rolls over or clicks on them. They reveal more advertising information and are designed to grab the attention of the user. The IAB provides guidelines for expandable banners in the rich media ads section of the display advertising creative format guidelines quick reference guide.
266	Expanded dimensions: the secondary dimensions of an expanding ad unit (after the ad is expanded). Initial dimensions are fit to the dimensions of the placement. Then, either by auto-play or by user interaction, the ad unit expands to its secondary dimension.
267	Explicit profile data targeting: explicit data is registration quality data collected either online or offline. For online registration data, the user has certain attributes in his or her registration profile at a particular site or service, and that data is associated with the user’s web cookie or some sort of audience database when the user next logs in. Offline registration data includes the sorts of data held in the massive offline direct response industry databases built up over the last several decades. These are then matched to a user online when that user logs in somewhere that is a partner of the data company. The site at which the user logs in, usually an online mail or similar site, sends the name/email combination to the data company, which then makes the match and sends back data. Ethical data providers do not put personally-identifiable data into the cookie or audience database, but rather anonymize the data (e.g., male rather than a name or address).
268	Exposed group: a term used in ad effectiveness measurement; the collection of consumers who were exposed to an ad (their actions are then compared to the control group – the group that did not see the ad – and the difference between the two groups should show the effectiveness of the ad campaign).
269	Extranet: an intranet that is partially accessible to authorized outsiders via a valid username and password.
270	Eyeballs: slang term for audience; the number of people who view a certain website or advertisement.
271	Failure to transfer: content requested by a browser can fail to transfer if the page is abandoned by the browser which requested it (see abandonment) or if the server is unable to send the complete page, including the ads (known as an error or a communications error).
272	FAQ: frequently asked questions.
273	Fiber optic cable: strands of glass used to transmit data—encoded as light—at extremely high data rates. Fiber optics is widely deployed in backbone data networks today and is beginning to be used for last mile broadband connections as well.
274	Fiber to the home: data networking infrastructure base on fiber optic cables being deployed by some telecoms and other ISPs to provide faster broadband internet connectivity and other services.
275	File requests: in the context of displaying digital content, the browser loads code that contains instructions about where to retrieve files such as text, images, videos, and any other components that contribute to the display experience. Each time the browser must retrieve content from another server, a file request is made. Too many file requests may reduce page load performance.
276	Filmstrip: an IAB universal brand package ad unit template that is 350×3000 pixels, divided into five 350×600-pixel segments that scroll by user interaction though a 350×600-pixel placement window.
277	Filtering: the process of removing robotic activity and error codes from measurement records to make the remaining records representative of valid human internet actions.
278	Filtration guidelines: IAB voluntary guidelines for removing non-human activity in the reported measurement of ad impressions, page impressions, unique visitors and clicks. See the IAB’s ad campaign measurement guidelines.
279	Firewall: a security barrier controlling communication between a personal or corporate computer network and the internet. A firewall is based on rules which allow and disallow traffic to pass, based on the level of security and filtering a network administrator wishes to employ.
280	First look: a situation in which the media seller gives certain buyers first priority in access to ad inventory. For example, a publisher is selling its remnant inventory through two ad networks and a DSP. In this situation, the publisher gives the first ad network a chance to buy the inventory first. If the first network does not want it, the publisher will pass it to the second network, and so on.
281	Flame: an inflammatory opinion or criticism distributed by e-mail or posted on a newsgroup or message board.
282	Flash™: Adobe’s vector-based rich media file format which is used to display interactive animations on a web page, used to build, generate, and play animated files. Also used to define the creative files generated by the program. In order for flash files to execute in a browser, the flash player plug-in must be installed. However, flash development tools can also generate files in HTML5 format so that no plug-in is required for execution.
283	Flighting: a term borrowed from television advertising that means the timing around when a commercial will air, this can be used to talk about laying out the parameters of a digital ad campaign.
284	Floating ads: an ad or ads that appear within the main browser window on top of the web page’s normal content, thereby appearing to float over the top of the page.
285	Flowcharts: a flowchart is a diagram that shows a step-by-step progression through a media campaign (e.g., timeline, media partners, cost). The flowchart shows all of the steps necessary to make the media campaign happen.
286	Fold: the line below which a user has to scroll to see content not immediately visible when a web page loads in a browser. Ads or content displayed above the fold are visible without any end-user interaction. Monitor size and resolution determine where on a web page the fold lies.
287	FPS: acronym for frames per second, the metric used to indicate the frame rate of animated or video creative content.
288	Frame rate: the rate at which video frames or animated images display as the video or animated file executes, measured as the number of frames per second (fps) during a given time. The higher the frame rate, the more high-quality the image will be.
289	Frames: multiple, independent sections used to create a single web page. Each frame is built as a separate HTML file but with one master file to control the placement of each section. When a user requests a page with frames, several files will be displayed as panes. Sites using frames report one-page request with several panes as multiple page requests. IAB ad campaign measurement guidelines call for the counting of one file per frame set as a page impression.
290	Frequency: the number of times an ad is delivered to the same browser in a single session or time period. A site can use cookies in order to manage ad frequency.
291	Frequency capping: the limit of how many times a given ad will be shown to a unique cookie during a session or within a specified time period.
292	FTP: internet protocol which facilitates downloading or uploading digital files.
293	Full episode player (FEP): a placement on a web page that has the ability to play videos that are tv-length (typically 30-60 minutes, sometimes more), and often includes multiple ad breaks throughout the streaming video content
294	Full screen views: refers to the number of impressions where the video was played in full screen mode (where available)
295	General packet radio service: digital mobile radio technology permitting moderate data rates along with voice communication. Evolution from the GSM standard; referred to as 2.5 g. See 3g.
296	Geographic information: a data point used in ad targeting, the location of the user may have been declared by the user (either actively through a form, or passively through GPS), or may have been extrapolated from their IP address or other sources.
297	Geographic targeting: a method that enables advertisers to display (or prevent the display of) an ad specifically to visitors based on zip code, area code, city, DMA, state, and/or country derived from user-declared registration information or inference-based mechanism. Relevant to both pc and mobile data devices.
298	GIF: a standard web graphic format which uses compression to store and display images.
299	Gigabyte: one gigabyte equals 1000 megabytes.
300	GPU: GPU is an acronym for graphics processing unit. In modern computers, the GPU handles graphical processing, decreasing the processing burden handled by the CPU.
301	Graphical user interface: a way of enabling users to interact with the computer using visual icons and a mouse rather than a command-line prompt/interpreter.
302	Gross exposures: the total number of times an ad is served, including duplicate downloads to the same person.
303	Gross rating point (GRP): a term used to measure the size of an audience reached by a specific media vehicle or schedule. It is used to measure the exposure to one or more programs or commercials, without regard to multiple exposures of the same advertising to individuals. For example, an advertisement that is aired/served 5 times, reaching 50% of the target audience each time it is aired, would have a GRP of 250 (5 × 50%). GRPs are typically used by media buyers to compare the strength of media vehicles.
304	GSM: the wireless telephone standard in Europe and most of the rest of the world outside north America; also used by T-Mobile and AT&T, among other US operators.
305	Guerilla marketing: campaign tactic involving the placement of often humorous brand-related messages in unexpected places either online or in the real world; intended to provoke word-of-mouth and build buzz.
306	GZIP: automatic compression of creative assets for an ad when delivering from an ad server to a web page or application. The key difference between .zip files and GZIP is that zip is used for storing files, and GZIP is used for compressing files that are in transmission from one server to another.
307	H.264: a video coding format that uses a block-oriented, motion-compensation-based video compression standard. H.264/mpeg-4 avc is one of the most common formats used for recording, compressing, and distributing video content.
308	HDTV: a higher quality signal resolution using a digital format for the transmission and reception of tv signals. HDTV provides about five times more picture information (picture elements or pixels) than conventional television, creating clarity, wider aspect ratio, and digital quality sound.
309	Head end: the site in a cable system or broadband coaxial network where the programming originates and the distribution network starts. Signals are usually received off the air from satellites, microwave relays, or fiber-optic cables at the head end for distribution.
310	Heuristic: a way to measure a user’s unique identity. This measure uses deduction or inference based on a rule or algorithm which is valid for that server. For example, the combination of IP address and user agent can be used to identify a user in some cases. If a server receives a new request from the same client within 30 minutes, it is inferred that a new request comes from the same user and the time since the last page request was spent viewing the last page. Also referred to as an inference.
311	History list: a menu in a web browser which displays recently visited sites. The same mechanism makes it possible for servers to track where a browser was before visiting a particular site.
312	Hit: the record of a single online transaction event stored in a log file. One-page view may contain multiple hits, one for each image on a web page.
313	HLS: an acronym for http live streaming is an http-based media streaming communications protocol implemented by Apple Inc. It works by breaking the overall stream into a sequence of small http-based file downloads, each download loading one short chunk of an overall potentially unbounded transport stream. As the stream is played, the client may select from a number of different alternate streams containing the same material encoded at a variety of data rates, allowing the streaming session to adapt to the available data rate. At the start of the streaming session, it downloads an extended m3u playlist containing the metadata for the various sub-streams [that] are available.
314	Home page: the page designated as the main point of entry of a web site (or main page) or the starting point when a browser first connects to the internet. Typically, it welcomes visitors and introduces the purpose of the site, or the organization sponsoring it, and then provides links to other pages within the site.
315	Home visitor: a user that access online content from their residence.
316	Host: any computer on a network that offers services or connectivity to other computers on the network. A host has an IP address associated with it.
317	Host-initiated: any activity that is auto-initiated.
318	Host-initiated sub-load: the additional file limit allowed that is auto-initiated after the load event is fired by the window object of the publisher page (initial web page content has been loaded) on the host computer or device. In absence of access to publisher page window object, the window object of the ad iframe can be used.
319	Hot spot: a hot spot is an area of an ad unit, which when rolled-over/rolled-on by the user’s cursor, such rollover triggers an event (i.e. Expand ad). The hotspot should never be larger than 1/4th the size of the original (collapsed) ad unit. The trigger event should not occur unless the user’s cursor rests in the hotspot zone for at least 1-second. Hotspots should never initiate audio (audio should only be initiated by a click). When hotspots are used, the trigger event should stop immediately upon the user’s cursor leaving the hotspot zone (i.e. Ad collapses), and the ad unit should return to its original state. Also, an ad unit that is sold within the video content experience. Mouse action over the video highlights objects that can be clicked. The click action initiates a linear video commercial or takes the user to a website.
320	Hotlists: pull-down or pop-up menus often displayed on browsers or search engines that contain new or popular sites.
321	House ads: ads for a product or service from the same company. revenues from house ads should not be included in reported revenues.
322	HTML5: an acronym for hypertext markup language, version 5. HTML5 extends earlier versions to include tags for processing video, audio, canvas, another embedded audio and video items without requiring proprietary plug-ins and APIs. HTML5 has been used as an alternative to developing and executing interactions similar to those using Adobe flash but with very different technology.
323	HTTP: the format most commonly used to transfer documents on the web.
324	Hybrid pricing: pricing model which is based on a combination of a CPM pricing model and a performance-based pricing model. See CPM pricing model and performance-based pricing model.
325	Hyperlink: a clickable link, e.g., on a web page or within an e-mail, that sends the user to a new URL when activated.
326	Hypertext: any text that contains links connecting it with other text or files on the internet.
327	Hypertext markup language (HTML): set of codes called markup tags in a plain text file that determine what information is retrieved and how a browser renders it. There are two kinds of markup tags: anchor and format. Anchor tags determine what is retrieved, and format tags determine how it is rendered. Browsers receive HTML pages from the internet and use the information to display text, graphics, links and other elements as they were intended by a website’s creator.
328	IAB terms and conditions: recognized set of industry quality assurance standards established by the IAB that provides a high level of confidence to marketers to invest more in digital advertising. The sections in the terms and conditions address: x section xii: non-disclosure, data usage and ownership, privacy and laws x section ii: ad placement and positioning x section iii: payment and payment liability x section v: cancellation and termination x section ix: ad materials x section x: indemnification x section xiii: third party ad serving and tracking
329	Interest-based advertising (IBA): which is also sometimes called online behavioral advertising — uses information gathered about a site user’s visits over time and across different websites or applications in order to help predict preferences and show ads that are more likely to be of interest to you. For example, a sporting goods manufacturer might work with an advertising network that collects and uses interest-based advertising information to deliver ads to the browsers of users that have recently visited sports-related sites, or an airline might direct ads to users that recently visited mobile travel apps. Definition from aboutads.info site: http://www.aboutads.info/how-interest-based-ads-work
330	iFrame: short for inline frame, this is the area on a website designated for an ad to appear.
331	Image map: in HTML and XHTML, an image map is a list of coordinates relating to a specific image, created in order to hyperlink areas of the image to various destinations. This differs from a normal image link, where the entire area of the image links to a single destination. For example, a map of the world may have each country hyperlinked to further information about that country. The intention of an image map is to provide an easy way of linking various parts of an image without dividing the image into separate image files. For instance, a normal image that happens to contain brand name products, could be turned into an image map which would redirect the user who clicked on a branded item to the landing page of that advertiser.
332	Impression: measurement of responses from a web server to a page request from the user browser, which is filtered from robotic activity and error codes and is recorded at a point as close as possible to opportunity to see the page by the user, also called a view. A single display of online content to a user’s web-enabled device. Many websites sell advertising space by the number of impressions displayed to users. An online advertisement impression is a single appearance of an advertisement on a web page. Each time an advertisement loads onto a user’s screen, the ad server may count that loading as one impression. However, the ad server may be programmed to exclude from the count certain non-qualifying activity such as a reload, internal user actions, and other events that the advertiser and ad serving company agreed to not count.
333	IMU: the standard ad unit sizes endorsed by IAB. See the IAB’s ad unit guidelines for more information.
334	In-article video: a video ad that loads and plays dynamically between paragraphs of editorial content, existing as a standalone branded message.
335	In-banner video: a video delivered as part of (inside of) the display ad creative for a given placement rather than initiating the use of a video player.
336	In-banner video ads: leverage the banner space to deliver a video experience as opposed to another static or rich media format. The format relies on the existence of display ad inventory on the page for its delivery
337	In-feed video: a native video ad found in content, social, or product feeds, often paired with a headline, description, and logo.
338	In-page video ads: delivered most often as a stand-alone video ad and do not generally have other content associated with them. This format is typically home page or channel based and depends on real estate within the page dedicated for the video player.
339	In-stream video ad: played before, during, or after the streaming video content that the consumer has requested (pre-roll, mid-roll, and post-roll.) These ads cannot typically be stopped from being played (particularly with pre-roll.) This format is frequently used to monetize the video content that the publisher is delivering. In-stream video ads can be played inside short or long-form video and rely on video content for their delivery. There are four different types of video content where in-stream may play: UGC (user generated content/video), syndicated, sourced, and journalistic. In-stream video ads are displayed within the context of streaming video content.
340	In-text video ads: delivered from highlighted words and phrases within the text of web content. The ads are user activated and delivered only when a user chooses to move their mouse over a relevant word or phrase.
341	In-unit click: a measurement of a user-initiated action of responding to an ad element which generally causes an intra-site redirect or content change. In-unit clicks are usually tracked via a 302 redirect. Also known as click-downs, click-ups and click-withins. See ad clicks; 302 redirect.
342	Initial dimension: the original width and height (in pixels) of an expanding ad. Expanding ads are designed to expand to dimensions larger than the initial dimensions.
343	Initial file load: includes all assets and files necessary (.HTML, .js, .css, .woff, images, etc.) For completing first visual display of the ad. The initial file load size of an ad is limited in order to preserve the page load performance and thus the user’s web browsing experience. For non-rich media ads, the initial file load size limit is all that’s allowed for the ad.
344	Insertion: actual placement of an ad in a document, as recorded by the ad server.
345	Insertion order (IO): a formal, printed order to run an ad campaign between a seller of interactive advertising and a buyer (usually an advertiser or its agency). Typically, the insertion order identifies the campaign name, website receiving the order, planner or buyer giving the order, individual ads to be run (or who will provide them), ad sizes, campaign beginning and end dates, CPM, total cost, discounts to be applied, reporting requirements, and possible penalties or stipulations relative to failure to deliver the impressions.
346	Instant messaging: a method of communicating in real-time, one-to-one or in groups over the internet. Users assemble buddy lists which reflect the availability (or presence) of people with whom they communicate.
347	Instream: when a video ad streams (plays) alongside (before/mid/after) video content.
348	Intelligent agent: software tools which help the user find information of specific interest to him/her. The user’s profile is continually refined and improved based on the user’s acceptance or rejection of recommendations over time.
349	Interaction rate: the proportion of users who interact with an ad or application. Some will be involuntary depending on where the ad or application is placed on screen, so it is highly dependent on placement.
350	Interactions: specific to digital audio, any of a wide variety of metrics that indicate how many users took an action in response to an ad message, and or the depth of that interaction.
351	Interactive advertising: all forms of online, wireless and interactive television advertising, including banners, sponsorships, e-mail, keyword searches, referrals, slotting fees, classified ads and interactive television commercials.
352	Interactive Advertising Bureau: IAB is a non-profit trade association devoted exclusively to maximizing the use and effectiveness of interactive advertising and marketing.
353	Interactive video: type of digital video creative that can take user input to perform some enhanced actions through elements integrated above and beyond the standard video playback controls (i.e., play, pause, rewind, and mute.) These interactions can include varied calls-to-actions, forms, polls/surveys, links, chapter menus, and hot-spots that may affect story progression of the video content and/or drill down on specific parts of the content itself. The goal of the creative is to give the user various options to engage with the message beyond viewing the video.
354	Internal page impressions: web site activity that is generated by individuals with IP addresses known to be affiliated with the web site owner. Internal activity that is associated with administration and maintenance of the site should be excluded from the traffic or measurement report.
355	Internet: the worldwide system of computer networks providing reliable and redundant connectivity between disparate computers and systems by using common transport and data protocols known as TCP/IP.
356	Internet marketing: internet marketing, also known as web marketing, online marketing, webvertising, or e-marketing, is referred to as the marketing (generally promotion) of products or services over the internet.
357	Internet of things (IOT): proposed development of the internet in which everyday objects have network connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data. This includes everything from cellphones, smart watches, coffee makers, washing machines, headphones, lamps, wearable devices, thermostats, autos, and almost anything else.
358	Internet protocol: the internet protocol is the basis for addressing and routing packets across a network of networks. See IP address.
359	Internet relay chat: internet relay chat (commonly termed IRC) is a protocol for the real-time exchange of internet text messages. It is designed for many-to-many communication named discussion forums (called channels), but contains features that allow one-to-one communication, as well as the ability to transfer files. The IRC protocol was formally defined by RFC 1459 in 1993. Servers: An IRC network is a spanning tree of IRC servers, each of which may relay communications from one or more clients to the rest of the network, and vice-versa. An IRC server may choose to only accept connections from other servers, but will generally accept connections from IRC clients. Modern hardware and low global networking latency now permit a single IRC server to handle all the clients for a specific channel. Clients: An IRC client is software that allows interaction with the IRC network, whether it be participation in a channel, transfer of files, or using other features of IRC.
360	Internet service provider (ISP): a business or organization that provides internet access and related services. Typically, internet access is provided by a class of ISPs called access providers who focus on provide a connection via dial-up, DSL, cable internet, FTH, or other, similar technologies. An access provider may choose different technologies based on whether they focus more on home users or business clients. Other types of ISPs include transit ISPs who provide internet access to smaller ISPs and hosting ISPs who provide internet access for servers.
361	Interstitial video: video ads that appear between two content pages. Also known as transition ads, intermercial ads, and splash pages.
362	Interstitial: between-the-page ad units displayed as a user navigates from one web page to the next web page. The ad appears after the user leaves the initial page, but before the target page displays on the user’s screen. Typically, the ad is self-contained within its own browser window, but may also appear briefly as an overlay on the target page rather than in its own browser window. Also known as transition ads, intermercial ads and splash pages, also known as ‘between-the-page’
363	Intranet: a network based on TCP/IP protocols that belongs to an organization, usually a corporation, and is accessible only by the organization’s members, employees or others with authorization.
364	Inventory: the total number of ad views or impressions that a website has to sell over a given period of time (usually figured by the month).
365	Invitation unit: a smallish still or animated graphic often overlays directly onto video content. Typically used as a less-intrusive initial call-to-action. Normally when a viewer clicks or interacts with the invitation graphic, they expand into the ad’s full expression, which might be a simple auto-play video or an interactive experience
366	IP address: an IP address is the numerical address assigned to each computer on the internet so that its location and activities can be distinguished from those of other computers. IP address generally refers to the ipv4 addresses, a 32-bit value represented as 4 blocks of 8-bit values separated by periods (dot-decimal notation). This will look like ##. ##. ##. ## with each number ranging from 0 through 255.
367	IP-based geo-targeting: IP-based geo-targeted advertising is delivered to a user’s geographic location as determined by his or her internet protocol (IP) address.
368	IPTV: generally, refers to video programming offered by telecom companies over copper wire. Often misused to refer to pc-based video.
369	ISDN: faster-than-dial-up connections to the internet over copper phone wires. DSL has in large part replaced ISDN. See DSL.
370	ITI: represents the leading US providers of information technology products and services. It advocates growing the economy through innovation and supports free-market policies. See itic.org for more information.
371	ITV: any technology that allows for two-way communication between the audience and the television service provider (such as the broadcaster, cable operator, set-top box manufacturer).
372	Java: a programming language designed for building applications on the internet. It allows for advanced features, increased animation detail and real-time updates. Small applications called java applets can be downloaded from a server and executed by java-compatible browsers like Microsoft internet explorer and Netscape navigator.
373	JavaScript libraries: a collection of pre-written code used to simplify development of web-based applications.
374	Journalistic video: content that was shot and used by the actual publisher. MSNBC journalist shooting a video and using the video for their own purposes.
375	JPEG: standard web graphic file format that uses a compression technique to reduce graphic file sizes.
376	Jump page ad: microsite which is reached via click-through from button or banner ad. The jump page itself can list several topics, which are linked to either the advertiser’s site or the publisher’s site.
377	Junk eemail folder: a folder within an e-mail client or on an email service provider server that stores e-mail messages that are identified, either by the user or by an automated spam filter, as undesired or undesirable.
378	Key performance indicators (KPIs): business metric used to evaluate factors that are crucial to the success of an organization. KPIs differ based on the business and marketing focus. For example, KPIs could be net revenue or a customer loyalty metric. Also known as key success indicators (KSI).
379	Keyword: specific word(s) entered into a search engine by the user that result(s) in a list of web sites related to the key word. Keywords can be purchased by advertisers in order to embed ads linking to the advertiser’s site within search results (see search engine marketing.)
380	Keyword targeting: targeting content that contains specific keywords.
381	Kick-off campaign: the first meeting with the project team and the client of the project to discuss a plan or strategy before launching a campaign.
382	Kilobyte (KB): a multiple of the unit ‘byte’ for digital information, used to quantify computer memory or storage capacity equal to 1,000 bytes (or technically, 2^10 = 1,024 bytes). For the purposes of this document, this measure relates to creative file size. (see definition for byte)
383	Labeling requirements: the minimal requirements for distinguishing an online advertisement from regular webpage content.
384	Lag: the delay between making an online request or command and receiving a response. See latency.
385	Lag time: usually at the back end, and represents the gap between the actual initiation of a process, such as a media placement (agency sends an IO), and the time that placement is ready to be displayed. For example, how long does it take the channel tech staff to process the ad and do QA tests to ensure that the ad displays properly? lag time needs to be built into the timeline as well.
386	LAN: a group of computers connected together (a network) at one physical location.
387	Large rectangle: an IMU size. The IAB’s voluntary guidelines include seven interactive marketing unit (IMU) ad formats; two vertical units and five large rectangular units. For more information, see the IAB’s ad unit guidelines.
388	Lat-long: short for latitude and longitude, this generally refers to coordinates used to pinpoint an exact location on the globe; used in advertising for targeting consumers on mobile devices according to their detectable latitude and longitude, as opposed to a DMA, zip code or other means that are more commonly used in geo-targeting in digital advertising.
389	Latency: can be seen as: * the time it takes for a data packet to move across a network connection * the visible delay between request and display of content and ad. Latency sometimes leads to the user leaving the site prior to the opportunity to see. In streaming media, latency can create stream degradation if it causes the packets, which must be received and played in order, to arrive out of order.
390	Lead generation: fees advertisers pay to internet advertising companies that refer qualified purchase inquiries (e.g., auto dealers which pay a fee in exchange for receiving a qualified purchase inquiry online) or provide consumer information (demographic, contact, and behavioral) where the consumer opts into being contacted by a marketer (email, postal, telephone, fax). These processes are priced on a performance basis (e.g., cost-per-action, -lead or -inquiry), and can include user applications (e.g., for a credit card), surveys, contests (e.g., sweepstakes) or registrations.
391	Lead time: gap between the initiation and the actual execution of a given process. For example, the lead-time between the placement of an insertion order and the actual placement of the ad itself includes the time it takes the creative team to prepare the ad. lead time needs to be built into the timeline.
392	Linear video ads: experienced in-stream, which is presented before, between, or after the video content is consumed by the user. One of the key characteristics of linear video ads is the ad takes over the full view of the video.
393	Link: a clickable connection between two web sites. Formally referred to as a hyperlink.
394	Listserv: a mailing list comprised of e-mail addresses.
395	List server: a program that automatically sends e-mail to a list of subscribers or listserv.
396	Location based service: a location-based service (LBS) is mobile data service related to an end user’s immediate location. Examples include store or service locators and friend finders.
397	Log file: a file that records transactions that have occurred on the web server. Some of the types of data which are collected are: date/time stamp, URL served, IP address of requestor, status code of request, user agent string, previous URL of requestor, etc. Use of the extended log file format is preferable.
398	Login: the identification or name used to access a computer, network or site.
399	Long-form video: video content that has a content arc with a beginning, middle, and end and that, in its entirety, lasts longer than 10 minutes (i.e., movies and original series.) If the content is ad supported, it typically contains breaks (mid-roll.) This is different than commercial videos, which typically put the product upfront and run under one minute.
400	Longtail: coined by Chris Anderson in an article in Wired Magazine, and in a book and his book the long tail; used to describe a portion of a statistical graph depicting the far end of a demand curve; applied in the digital media industry in different ways, but most commonly refers to a class of websites that each individually garner very little traffic (yet, when aggregated via networks and exchanges, offers tremendous scale)
401	M-commerce: mobile commerce, the ability to conduct monetary transactions via a mobile device, such as a WAP-enabled cell phone.
402	Mailing list: an automatically distributed e-mail message on a particular topic going to certain individuals.
403	Makegoods: additional ad impressions which are negotiated in order to make up for the shortfall of ads delivered versus the commitments outlined in the approved insertion order.
404	Marketing mix modeling (MMM): also sometimes called mixed media modeling, a statistical analysis applied to a mixed media plan to forecast the impact of the plan (see also: mixed media)
405	Master service agreement (MSA): a contracted document which outlines the agreed upon terms between a buyer and seller which is used as a baseline to govern future transactions
406	Media company: a company that derives revenue from publishing content via one or more means of distribution, e.g., print publishing, television, radio, the internet
407	Media days: special presentations hosted typically by agencies or publishers as part of the RFP process or a forum for education of junior, senior, and executive stakeholders.
408	Media kit: contains promotional material and associated information about a firm, product, conference seminar, program, etc. Package containing rate card, circulation data, audience statistics, rates, ad sizes and formats, targeting options, audience profiles, case studies, and contact information.
409	Media landscape: refers to consumer media consumption across print, radio (national, regional, local,) television (national and regional,) digital (websites, news, portal) and social.
410	Media math: series of media-based calculations used to project out media impression-based investment measurements, including GRPs, CPAs, and TRPs.
411	Media mix: combination of advertising media channels employed in meeting the promotional objectives of a marketing plan or campaign. This can include radio, tv, print, and online advertising.
412	Media timelines: a linear representation outlining a list of sequential events and codependent deliverables over time leading to a campaign launch.
413	Megabyte (MB): a multiple of the unit ‘byte’ for digital information, used to quantify computer memory or storage capacity equal to 1,000 kilobytes (or technically, 2^20 = 1,048,576 bytes). For the purposes of this document, this measure relates to creative file size. (see definition for byte)
414	Metadata: data that provides information about other data. This includes descriptions of the characteristics of information, such as quality, origin, context, content and structure.
415	Microsites: multi-page ads accessed via click-through from initial ad. The user stays on the publisher’s web site, but has access to more information from the advertiser than a display ad allows.
416	Microblogging: publishing very brief, spontaneous posts to a public website, usually via a mobile device or wirelessly connected laptop
417	Midroll: a linear video spot that appears in the middle of the video content. See preroll and post roll.
418	Mime: a method of encoding a file for delivery over the internet.
419	Minification: the practice of removing unnecessary characters from code to reduce its size, removing unnecessary spacing, and optimizing the CSS code; thus, improving load times.
420	MMA: acronym for the Mobile Media Association.
421	MMORPG (massively multiplayer role-playing game): any of a variety of three dimensional, highly immersive, pc or console-based video games where many players interact, competing or co-operating to achieve goals in real time.
422	Mobile Marketing Association: industry trade organization dedicated to facilitating the growth of advertising on mobile phones.
423	Mobile/location-based targeting: refers to a way to target advertisements on mobile devices such as smartphones or feature phones, GPS receivers, tablets (such as iPad) and soon on many mobile laptops. On phones and tablets, such advertisements can appear in a mobile web browser or within an app. Geographic targeting information can come in the form of either a confirmed location or a derived location.
424	Modem: device which transfers digital signals to analog signals and vice versa suitable for sending across phone or cable lines.
425	Moore’s Law: a key observation regarding the growth in computer power experienced over the past several decades. Gordon Moore of intel stated that the speed of semiconductor processors doubles every 18 months. So far this has remained true.
426	MOOV atom: a video data object in a media file used to execute the video. The MOOV(or movie) atom should be placed at the beginning of a video file to ensure proper execution.
427	Mouse-off: the act of a user moving the cursor away (off) from the hot spot of an ad. Mouse-off by a user may trigger an event, such as collapsing an expanding panel or stopping any animation in progress.
428	Mouse-over: the act of a user moving the cursor and resting it on the hot spot of an ad for at least one second. Mouse-over may trigger an event such as expanding the ad or initiating an animated sequence within the ad. This is of primary interest if the area is a hot spot, as this can initiate additional action after a specified timeout. Mouse-over may not initiate audio play. Sometimes referred to as rollover, hover.
429	Mp3: CODEC most commonly used for digital music online. Generic term for any digital music file, regardless of CODEC used to create or play it.
430	Mp4: a digital multimedia format used to store video and audio, but may also include features such as subtitles, chapter details, and other data related to the video or audio file. The filename extension for mpeg-4 files is .mp4.
431	Mpeg: a set of standards for audio and video compression and transmission established by the moving picture experts’ group.
432	Mpeg-dash: an acronym for mpeg dynamic adaptive streaming over http. This adaptive streaming technique allows for a streaming experience using progressive download of several small chunks of video at different bitrates. An http-connected video player (the client) detects the bandwidth at each chunk of time (about 3-5 seconds) and determines which quality level to download and play for the small duration allotted.
433	MRAID: an acronym for mobile rich media ad interface definition. MRAID is a protocol used for ad servers, ad units, and mobile devices that enables communication between an ad and a mobile application in order to execute interactions such as geolocation, ad resizing, and accelerometer functions among others.
434	MRC (Media Rating Council): a non-profit trade association dedicated to assuring valid, reliable and effective syndicated audience research. The MRC performs audits of internet measurements as well as traditional media measurements.
435	MSO (multiple system operator): a generic industry acronym for a cable tv system operator; more correctly, any cable network operator with more than one cable tv system.
436	Multi-site company: a single entity that owns and operates multiple web sites, each under a separate domain.
437	NAI (Network Advertising Initiative): a cooperative group of network advertisers which has developed a set of privacy principles in conjunction with the federal trade commission. The NAI provides consumers with explanations of internet advertising practices and how they affect both consumers and the internet. See networkadvertising.org for more information.
438	Native advertising: a form of paid media where the ad experience follows the natural form and function of the user experience in which it is placed. These paid ads aspire to be so cohesive with the page content, assimilated into the design, and consistent with the platform behavior that the viewer simply feels that they belong.
439	Native video ad: a promoted video within one of the six IAB native core ads (i.e., in-feed unit, paid search unit, recommendation widget, promoted listing, in-ad with native elements, or custom/can’t be contained). The video includes a headline, description, and context for the ad.
440	Netiquette: a term that is used to describe the informal rules of conduct (do’s and don’ts) of online behavior.
441	Newsgroup: an electronic bulletin board devoted to talking about a specific topic and open to everybody. Only a handful of newsgroups permit the posting of advertising.
442	Non-linear video ads: run parallel to the video content so the user still has the option of viewing the content. Common non-linear ad products include overlays which are shown directly over the content video itself, and product placements which are ads placed within the video content itself. Non-linear video ads can be delivered as text, graphical banners or buttons, or as video overlays.
443	Non-registered user: someone who visits a web site and elects not to, or is not required to, provide certain information, and hence may be denied access to part(s) of the site.
444	Non-session data: also called out-of-session data, information that cannot be gleaned from the current, single event of a visitor.
445	Non-working media: ad serving fees, DMP costs, DSP technology fees.
446	Non-working media costs: all of those things that may or may not be directly billable; ad server fees, hoURLy billing on creative, access fees, licensing fees, administrative fees, per placement QA fees, asset storage fees, it and traffic, digital re-mastering fees, etc. All are internal costs usually not directly presented to the client.
447	Non-working media rates: fixed percentages allocated to total campaign budgets inclusive of agency fees, time of staff, and commissions that are not part of direct media costs.
448	Nonqualifying page impressions: page impressions which should be excluded from traffic or measurement reports, such as unsuccessful transfers of requested documents, successful transfers of requested documents to a robot or spider, and/or pages in a frame set. See frames.
449	OBA: online behavioral advertising, sometimes called interest-based advertising. Uses information gathered about a site user’s visits over time and across different websites or applications in order to help predict preferences and show ads that are more likely to be of interest. See IBA.
450	OBA self-regulation: see IBA
451	Off-site measurement: when a site forwards its log files to an off-site web research service for analysis.
452	On-demand: the ability to request video, audio, or information to be sent to the screen immediately by clicking something on the screen referring to that choice.
453	On-demand video: video media that is available to a user at the convenience of that user. YouTube, Hulu, and Netflix on demand are examples of services that offer on-demand video.
454	On-site measurement: when a server has an appropriate software program to measure and analyze traffic received on its own site.
455	On-target percentage (OTP): percentage of the total campaign delivery that is within the advertiser’s campaign-defined goals.
456	Online behavioral advertising (OBA): a method for targeting digital advertising impressions to appear to an select audience of consumers based on their prior actions, those actions occurring either online or offline; also called behavioral targeting (BT)
457	Online Privacy Alliance (OPA): a group of corporations and associations who have come together to introduce and promote business-wide actions that create an environment of trust and foster the protection of individuals’ privacy online. See privacyalliance.org for more information.
458	Online publisher: a creator and/or aggregator of online content, which often monetizes user visits by displaying advertisements.
459	Online Publishers’ Association (OPA): trade association representing a segment of online publishers. See the online-publishers.org for more information.
460	Open auction: a programmatic marketplace where real time bidding (RTB) occurs, and any advertiser or publisher can participate (see also: private marketplace)
461	Operating system: an operating system (OS) is a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and provide common services for application software. The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs require an operating system which are usually separate programs, but can be combined in simple systems. Example operating systems include Microsoft windows, apple iOS and macOS, and Linux.
462	Opt-in: refers to an individual giving a company permission to use data collected from or about the individual for a particular reason, such as to market the company’s products and services. See permission marketing.
463	Opt-in e-mail: lists of internet users who have voluntarily signed up to receive commercial e-mail about topics of interest.
464	Opt-out: when a company states that it plans to market its products and services to an individual unless the individual asks to be removed from the company’s mailing list.
465	OTS (opportunity to see): same as page display – when a page is successfully displayed on the user’s computer screen.
466	Out of home (OOH): advertising placements that appear in public places; for example: billboards, airports, grocery stores, taxi cabs, bus stations, etc.
467	Over the top device (OTT): a device that can connect to a tv to facilitate the delivery of internet-based video content (i.e., streaming boxes, media streaming devices, gaming consoles).
468	Overlay: an overlay is a media element or ad unit that ‘floats’ above other content briefly when initiated. This could be text floating over video, or an expanding banner ad expanding over page content.
469	Overlay ad: a banner ad that appears in the bottom 20% of the video window. Click action initiates a linear video spot or takes the user to a website. Sold on a CPM and CPC basis.
470	Owned media: any corporate content/asset that belongs to your brand that you create and have control over. Assets are not just images, artifacts, content, video, etc., but also people, resources, experience, and availability of subject matter experts.
471	P3P (platform for privacy preferences project): browser feature that will analyze privacy policies and allow a user to control their privacy needs.
472	Pace/pacing: the rate at which a digital ad campaign uses up its pre-set number of impressions (for a fixed/reserved campaign) or budget (for an auction-based/unreserved campaign); campaigns can pace evenly or unevenly
473	Packet sniffer: a program used to monitor and record activity and to detect problems with web transactions on a network.
474	Page: a document having a specific URL and comprised of a set of associated files. A page may contain text, images, and other online elements. It may be static or dynamically generated. It may be made up of multiple frames or screens, but should contain a designated primary object which, when loaded, is counted as the entire page.
475	Page display: when a page is successfully displayed on the user’s computer screen.
476	Page impression: a measurement of responses from a web server to a page request from the user’s browser, which is filtered from robotic activity and error codes, and is recorded at a point as close as possible to the opportunity to see the page by the user. See the IAB’s ad campaign measurement guidelines.
477	Page request: the opportunity for an HTML document to appear on a browser window as a direct result of a user’s interaction with a web site.
478	Page view: when the page is actually seen by the user. Some platforms, like Facebook cache preview images for applications, which can mean that page views are not counted until a user clicks through to an application canvas page.
479	Paid media: any media that is paid for to drive traffic to owned media properties; you pay to boost your exposure through the channel.
480	Pass back: an impression offered to a media buyer with the right of first refusal, such that when this right is exercised the impression is offered to another media buyer.
481	Password: a group of letters and/or numbers which allow a user access to a secured web site.
482	Pause: a video, animation or audio control that enables users to stop the video, animation, or audio from playing until the user is ready to resume play.
483	Pay per click (PPC): an advertising pricing model in which advertisers pay agencies and/or media companies based on how many users clicked on an online ad or e-mail message through to their website. The amount paid per click through is arranged at the time of the insertion order and varies considerably. Higher pay per click rates recognize that there may be some no-click branding value as well as click through value provided. See CPC.
484	Pay-per-impression: an advertising pricing model in which advertisers pay based on how many users were served their ads. See CPM.
485	Pay-per-lead: an advertising pricing model in which advertisers pay for each sales lead generated. For example, an advertiser might pay for every visitor that clicked on an ad or site and successfully completed a form. See CPL
486	Pay-per-sale: an advertising pricing model in which advertisers pay agencies and/or media companies based on how many sales transactions were generated as a direct result of the ad. See cps.
487	Peer-to-peer: the transmission of a file from one individual to another, typically through an intermediary. Individuals sharing files via p2p do not necessarily know one another, rather applications like bit torrent manage file transmissions from those who have part or all of the file to those who want it.
488	Performance metrics: the measurement of digital ad campaigns with action-based goals such as click-throughs, leads, downloads, sales, etc.
489	Performance pricing model: an advertising model in which advertisers pay based on a set of agreed upon performance criteria, such as a percentage of online revenues or delivery of new sales leads. See CPA, CPC, CPL, CPO, CPS, CPT.
490	Permission marketing: a term popularized by Seth Godin, whereby marketers obtain permission before advancing to the next step in the purchasing process. For example, asking permission to send email newsletters to prospective customers. It is mostly used by online marketers, notably email and search marketers, as well as certain direct marketers who send a catalog in response to a request.
491	Persistent cookie: cookies that remain a client hard drive until they expire (as determined by the website that set them) or are deleted by the end user.
492	Personalization: aggregating previous online activity to match non-ad related information to users.
493	Personalization service: software or service that enables websites to match non-ad related information to user.
494	Personally identifiable information (PII): user data that can be used to contact the user, either directly or through a lookup. User data that can be used to contact the user directly includes postal address and email address. User data that can be used, through a lookup, to contact the user includes SSN and other government issued ID numbers. Some user data that does not fit either of these criteria is commonly considered PII because it has a reasonable probability of resulting in the ability to contact the user. The archetype for this is the user’s full name. The intersection of large datasets with consistent cross-session identifiers are being increasingly shown to offer the opportunity to derive user contact details.
495	Piggyback pixel: an image tag or code that redirects a user browser to another pixel not directly placed on the publisher page.
496	PIN (personal identification number): a group of numbers which allow a unique user access to a secured web site and/or a secure area of a web site. See password.
497	Pixel: a web beacon, also known as a web bug, 1 by 1 gif, invisible gif, and tracking pixel, is a tiny image referenced by a line of HTML or a block of JavaScript code embedded into a web site or third-party ad server to track activity. The image used is generally a single pixel that is delivered to the web browser with HTML instructions that keep it from affecting the web site layout. The web beacon will typically include user information like cookies on the http headers, and web site information on the query string. Web beacons are used to collect data for web site and ad delivery analytics, and also specific events such as a registration or conversion: 1. Ad creative pixel – a web beacon embedded in an ad tag which calls a web server for the purpose of tracking that a user has viewed a particular ad. 2. Conversion pixel – a web beacon that transmits to a third-party server that a user has successfully completed a process such as purchase or registration. 3. Piggyback pixel – a web beacon that embeds additional web beacons not directly placed on the publisher page. 4. Secure pixel – a web beacon that is delivered over https.
498	Pixel (as a unit of measure): the smallest unit of measure for graphical elements in digital imagery, used as the standard unit of measure for ad creative (i.e. 300×250 pixels). Pixels may also represent x/y coordinates relevant to a given space, such as the browser window, an application workspace or the user’s computer screen. (see also tracking pixel)
499	Pixel density: the number of pixels displayed on the screen within an inch (pixels per inch or PPI) or within a centimeter (pixels per centimeter or PPCM). Screen pixel density varies by device with older monitors displaying 67 – 130 PPI. Mobile devices often exceed that at 300+ PPI. Pixel density of 163 PPI is referred to as pixel density of 1 in this document.
500	Plan: the tangible nuts and bolts about how a strategy will be implemented. It is the difference between strategic and tactical.
501	Platform: the type of computer or operating system on which a software application runs, e.g., windows, Macintosh or Unix.
502	Play: a video, animation or audio control that enables a user to initiate (or avoid initiating) the video, animation or audio of an ad.
503	Playlist: online video content can be broken down by content verticals such as news, music, tv shows, movies, sports, UGC, casual games, automotive, travel, business, b to b, careers, communities, technology, education, directories, government, non-profit, family, health, real estate, personals, science, adult and gambling. There are hundreds of sub-content verticals under the aforementioned.
504	PLI (Privacy Leadership Initiative): a partnership of CEOs from 15 corporations and 9 business associations using research to create a climate of trust that will accelerate acceptance of the internet and the emerging information economy, both online and offline, as a safe and secure marketplace. See understandingprivacy.org for more information.
505	Plug-in: a program application that can easily be installed and used as part of a web browser. Once installed, plug-in applications are recognized by the browser and their function integrated into the main HTML file being presented.
506	POE: acronym for paid, owned, and earned media.
507	Point of awareness (POA): allocating media placements that enhance audience awareness and interest in an advertisers’ brand, product, or service.
508	Point of purchase (POP): the moment when a consumer is about to buy something; often times advertisers will place an ad or a special offer to increase the pending purchase
509	Point of sale (POS): allocating media placements that enhance audience desire to purchase that product or service.
510	Point of view (POV) reports: focus on selecting the best media vehicles for a business or organization to use in promoting its products, services, or causes, and helps their clients evaluate advertising options. These reports analyze a media outlet, such as a blog or magazine, to see if the client’s target market will be served by advertising in that vehicle.
511	Polite file load: withholding a portion of the total ad creative file size (besides any initial file load size) from loading on a page until publisher content has loaded. With the release of the display creative guidelines in 2015, polite file load has been replaced host-initiated sub load. See host-initiated sub load for definition.
512	Pop-under ad: ad that appears in a separate window beneath an open window. Pop-under ads are concealed until the top window is closed, moved, resized or minimized.
513	Pop-up ad: any advertising experience where visiting a website in an initial browser window initiates a secondary browser window to deliver an ad impression directly above the initial browser window.
514	Pop-up transitional: initiates play in a separate ad window during the transition between content pages. Continues while content is simultaneously being rendered. Depending primarily on line-speed, play of a transitional ad may finish before or after content rendering is completed.
515	Portable document format (PDF): is a digital file format originally developed by Adobe used to represent documents independently of software, operating system, and hardware. The PDF files are designed to contain all information needed to consistently present text, fonts, graphics, and other elements to the user. The PDF specification has been available to use without licensing fees since 1993, but only became and open standard on July 1, 2008, when control of the specification passed from Adobe to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
516	Portal: a web site that often serves as a starting point for a web user’s session. It typically provides services such as search, directory of web sites, news, weather, e-mail, homepage space, stock quotes, sports news, entertainment, telephone directory information, area maps, and chat or message boards.
517	Portrait: an IAB rising star ad unit template that uses up to three interactive modules chosen (by the ad designer) from a variety of modular application options in a 350×1050-pixel space.
518	Posting: entry on a message board, blog, or other chronological online forum.
519	Post roll: a linear video spot that appears after the video content completes. See preroll and midroll.
520	Pre-caching: storing advertising or content in a computer’s RAM or hard disk memory before it is displayed on the user’s screen, rather than at the time that it plays, to reduce delays in rendering. See cache and caching.
521	Predecessor: tasks that have to be completed before another task can start.
522	Preferred rates: pre-negotiated rates for media agencies typically based on annual commitment with specific publishers or networks.
523	Preroll: a preroll video ad is an in-stream video ads that occurs before the video content the user has requested. See also post roll and midroll.
524	Price floors: the minimum bid required for an ad impression in an auction-based media market
525	Privacy policy: a statement about what information is being collected; how the information being collected is being used; how an individual can access his/her own data collected; how the individual can optout; and what security measures are being taken by the parties collecting the data.
526	Privacy seal program: a program that certifies the web site owner complies with the site’s proposed policy. Examples include Trustee and BBB Online.
527	Private marketplace (PMP): a programmatic marketplace where real time bidding (RTB occurs, yet only select advertisers are allowed to bid on a vendor’s inventory (see also: open marketplace)
528	Process audit: third party validation of internal control processes associated with measurement. See audit.
529	Profile: profile is the collection of attributes describing segments, clusters or aggregated data, including prior online activity of a user.
530	Profile aggregator: a profile aggregator collects data from various third-party sources to generate behavioral profiles.
531	Profile database: profile database a server-side store of behavioral profiles.
532	Profiling: the practice of tracking information about consumers’ interests by monitoring their movements online. This can be done without using any personal information, but simply by analyzing the content, URLs, and other information about a user’s browsing path/click-stream.
533	Programmatic: media or ad buying that uses technology to automate and optimize, in real time, the ad buying process. This ultimately serves targeted and relevant experiences to consumers across channels. On the back end, algorithms filter ad impressions derived from consumer behavioral data, which allows advertisers to define budget, goal, and attribution and optimize for reduced risk while increasing ROI.
534	Progress bar: a video or animation control that shows users the progression of the video or animation in relation to its total duration.
535	Progressive load video: a distribution method for serving video files in which the video file downloads progressively into the cache of a user’s computer, much the same way images and other content elements are downloaded. HTML5 files use progressive download for video files, but streaming methods can be simulated using adaptive bit streaming technologies such as HLS and mpeg-dash.
536	Protocol: a uniform set of rules that enable two devices to connect and transmit data to one another. Protocols determine how data are transmitted between computing devices and over networks. They define issues such as error control and data compression methods. The protocol determines the following: type of error checking to be used, data compression method (if any), how the sending device will indicate that it has finished a message and how the receiving device will indicate that it has received the message. Internet protocols include TCP/IP (transfer control protocol/internet protocol), http (hypertext transfer protocol), ftp (file transfer protocol), and smtp (simple mail transfer protocol).
537	Proxy servers: intermediaries between end users and web sites such as ISPs, commercial online services, and corporate networks. Proxy servers hold the most commonly and recently used content from the web for users in order to provide quicker access and to increase server security.
538	Psychographic: values, attitudes, and lifestyles that answer questions such as what motivates your customers to buy your products and services. What are their key values? What are their hobbies and habits?
539	Publisher: an individual or organization that prepares, issues, and disseminates content for public distribution or sale via one or more media.
540	Publisher ad tag: code that is placed on a publisher’s web page that calls an ad server for the purposes of displaying an advertisement.
541	Publisher pixel: an object embedded in a web page (typically a 1×1 image pixel) that calls a web server for purposes of tracking some kind of user activity.
542	Purchase: the user activity of completing an e-commerce transaction.
543	Push advertising: pro-active, partial screen, dynamic advertisement which comes in various formats.
544	Push down banners: push down banners are banners that push website content down while expanding the banner to show more advertising space. They are usually triggered by either rolling over the banner, clicking the banner, or sometimes autoload once the website loads. Users then click a custom designed close button to minimize the banner.
545	Push down: an IAB rising star ad unit template designed for rich interaction in a space similar to, but larger than, an expanding leaderboard. This unit has initial dimensions of 970×90 pixels and expanded dimensions of 970×415 pixels. When the ad is expanded, it pushes the page content down rather than displaying over the top of page content as most expandable ads do.
546	PVR (personal video recorder): a high capacity hard drive that is embedded in a set-top box, which records video programming from a television set. DVRs enable the viewer to pause, fast forward, and store tv programming.
547	Quality assurance (QA): the systematic testing, monitoring, and evaluation of the various aspects of a campaign to ensure viability and timeliness of deliverables against schedules of planned activities.
548	Quartile reporting: refers to whether the video played to its 25% and 75% points.
549	Query: a request for information, usually to a search engine.
550	Rate card: standardized cost for media space defined by ad sizes, platform, and creative formats, excluding custom programs or the list of advertising prices and products and packages offered by a media company.
551	Reach: (1) unique users that visited the site over the course of the reporting period, expressed as a percent of the universe for the demographic category; also called unduplicated audience or (2) the total number of unique users who will be served a given ad.
552	Real time bidding (RTB): way of transacting media that allows an individual ad impression to be put up for bid in real time. This is done through a programmatic on-the-spot auction, which is similar to how financial markets operate. RTB allows for addressable advertising; the ability to serve ads to consumers directly based on their demographic, psychographic, or behavioral attributes.
553	Real-time: events that happen live at a particular moment. When one chats in a chat room, or sends an instant message, one is interacting in real time.
554	Redirect: when used in reference to online advertising, one server assigning an ad-serving function to another server, often operated by a third company operating on behalf of an agency. For instance, a web publisher’s ad management server might issue a redirect to the browser or client which points to an agency ad server (AAS) hired by an advertiser to distribute its ads to a target audience across a broad list of sites. There is no limit to the number of redirects that can come into play before the delivery of an actual ad. The agency ad server in turn may redirect the browser to a rich media vendor (RMV) or digital video ad server. Redirects produce latency. This is especially true when they are client-side redirects which is the case in most online advertising today. Server-side redirects limit latency but also limit the ability to persist the user’s identity when those redirects cross domains. See ad serving and latency.
555	Referral fees: fees paid by advertisers for delivering a qualified sales lead or purchase inquiry.
556	Referral link: the referring page, or referral link is a place from which the user clicked to get to the current page. In other words, since a hyperlink connects one URL to another, in clicking on a link the browser moves from the referring URL to the destination URL. Also known as source of a visit.
557	Referring URL: the address of the webpage that a user previously visited prior to following a link.
558	Registration: the user activity of subscribing to a website or requesting additional information by filling in personally-identifying contact details.
559	Regulatory guidelines: the laws and rules defining the ways in which products can be advertised in a particular region. Can vary by industry (e.g., financial services, pharmaceutical). Rules can define a wide variety of different aspects, such as placement, SOV % for sponsorships, and privacy.
560	Repeat visitor: unique visitor who has accessed a web site more than once over a specific time period.
561	Replays: refers to the number of times a user requested to see the video ad again (where available).
562	Request for information (RFI): when a media buyer provides documentation to a media vendor asking for details about their product, such as capabilities, available inventory, pricing, etc.
563	Request for proposal (RFP): an evaluative and solicitation document often made through a bidding process by a media buyer to elicit bids from potential media sellers against specific media buying criteria; for example, can include formats, targeting, pricing, campaign studies, special serving fees, etc.
564	Resolution: the quality of an image or video file often determined by the number of pixels displayed on the screen and usually noted as a pixel width and height dimension. However, resolution can be measured in a number of ways and considers pixel aspect ratio, pixel density, and other factors that determine the viewing quality of the file.
565	Responsive design: a web design method that enables content (including advertising) to resize, reformat, reorganize and/or reposition itself in real-time so that it looks good and functions appropriately no matter what screen it’s been viewed on
566	Retargeting: the use of a pixel tag or other code to enable a third-party to recognize particular users outside of the domain from which the activity was collected. See creative retargeting, site retargeting.
567	Retraction: an event programmed into an expandable ad the causes the ad to be reduced to its original dimensions (i.e. The expanded portion of the ad retracts).
568	Return on ad spend (ROAS): a metric used by advertisers to measure how much revenue they earned that can be attributed to the expense of an ad campaign
569	Return visits: the average number of times a user returns to a site over a specific time period.
570	Revenue management: yield and revenue management are the process of understanding, anticipating and influencing advertiser and consumer behavior in order to maximize profits through better selling, pricing, packaging and inventory management, while delivering value to advertisers and site users
571	Rich media: advertisements with which users can interact (as opposed to solely animation) in a web page format that are more elaborate than the usual banner ad. These advertisements can be used either singularly or in combination with various technologies, including but not limited to sound, video, or flash, and with programming languages such as java, JavaScript, and DHTML. Rich media guidelines cover standard web applications including e-mail, static (e.g. HTML) and dynamic (e.g. Asp) web pages, and may appear in ad formats such as banners and buttons as well as transitionals and various over-the-page units such as floating ads, page take-overs, and tear-backs. Today, the term is often used for banner ads with popup menus that let the visitor select a particular page to link to on the advertiser’s site. Rich media ads are generally more challenging to create and to serve. Some early studies have shown that rich media ads tend to be more effective than ordinary animated banner ads.
572	Rich media vendor: a company that specializes in the creation of rich media ads.
573	Rising Stars display ad units: IAB invited companies and individuals to submit ad templates designed to drive brand equity. Six templates were chosen to be validated by the market. Universal brand package display ad units are designed to be the only ad on a page. Their file load limits are larger than for other ads, so not only would a universal brand package ad unit overshadow any other ads on the page but they would also compromise the performance of the page should other rich media ads be allowed to load simultaneously. Please refer to the IAB New Ad Portfolio. The Rising Stars are in transition. They are under evaluation and will be delisted soon. Publishers should transition to the aspect ratio ad units with flexible ad sizing listed in the New Ad Portfolio.
574	Roadblock: a roadblock ad in digital marketing is a full screen ad that is displayed before any page content. This ad type is similar to a pre-roll in digital video advertising. The roadblock ad is very similar to the interstitial ad. However, the roadblock occurs before the first page of content, while the interstitial occurs between pages during user interaction with the site.
575	RODI (return on digital investment): the bottom line on how successful a digital ad or campaign was in terms of what the returns (generally sales revenue) were for the money expended (invested).
576	ROI (return on investment): net profit divided by investment.
577	Rollover: the willful pause of the user’s cursor on the target portion of the creative (the hot spot), such pause lasting at least one second in duration, before an action may be initiated by the ad (i.e. Trigger an expand event, etc.). This one-second pause/delay requirement prevents unwanted, user-initiated actions and false reporting of user engagement. Rollover may not initiate audio.
578	RSS: RSS or really simple syndication is a process for publishing content on the internet that facilitates moving that content into other environments. For example, top news stories on a newspaper website can be published as an RSS feed and pulled into and delivered via a web portal site. RSS readers are software programs or websites that enable users to subscribe to one or more RSS feeds, delivering content and information from multiple sources into a single user interface and environment.
579	RSS readers: RSS readers are software programs or websites that enable users to subscribe to one or more RSS feeds, delivering content and information from multiple sources into a single user interface and environment, aggregates syndicated content (e.g., news headlines, blogs, and podcasts) into a single location for easy viewing.
580	RTB: the RTB acronym indicates a real-time system for either bidding on or buying ad inventory. The initial RTB ecosystems evolved from the efforts of DSPs to create a more efficient exchange of inventory. Due to these roots, RTB ecosystems put significant emphasis on user information (demographic and behavioral data, for example), while discounting the situation information (the publisher and context).
581	Run of network (RON): a run of network ad is one that is placed to run on all sites within a given network of sites at the ad networks own discretion, according to available inventory. Ad sales firms handle run of network insertion orders in such a way as to optimize results for the buyer consistent with higher priority ad commitments. The advertiser usually forgoes premium positioning in exchange for more advertising weight at a lower CPM.
582	Run of site (ROS): a run-of-site ad is one that is placed to rotate on all non-featured ad spaces across an entire site. CPM rates for run of site ads are usually less than rates for purchase of specific site sub-sections or sponsorships.
583	Safeframe: A managed API-enabled iframe that opens a line of communication between the publisher page content and the iframe-contained external content, such as ads, and so content served into a safeframe is afforded data collection and rich interaction, such as ad expansion, that is unavailable in a standard iframe
584	Sample: a subset of a universe whose properties are studied to gain information about that universe.
585	Sampling frame: the source from which the sample is drawn.
586	Scope of work (SOW): a document that routinely defines project-specific media activities and deliverables. A statement of work typically addresses these subjects: x period of performance x applicable budget & standards x acceptance criteria x special requirements (regulatory as applicable) x miscellaneous
587	Screen scraping: a way of collecting information from a web page, whereby a remote computer program copies information from a website that is designed to display information to a user.
588	Scripts: files that initiate routines like generating web pages dynamically in response to user input.
589	SDSL (symmetrical digital subscriber line): a digital subscriber line (DSL) connection is a high-speed dedicated digital circuit from a given location to the telephone company’s central office, using normal copper telephone lines. DSL is the main form of consumer broadband worldwide. DSL is a general term that includes several variations: ADSL: asymmetric digital subscriber line, ranging up to 1.5 MBPS HDSL: high-bit-rate digital subscriber line, 1.5 MBPS SDSL: single-line digital subscriber line, 1.5 MBPS VDSL: very high-data-rate digital subscriber line, ranging up to 2.3 MBPS RDSL: rate adaptive digital subscriber line, various speeds
590	Search: fees advertisers pay internet companies to list and/or link their company site or domain name to a specific search word or phrase (includes paid search revenues). Search categories include: 1. Paid listings: text links appear at the top or side of search results for specific keywords. The more a marketer pays, the higher the position it gets. Marketers only pay when a user clicks on the text link. 2. Contextual search: text links appear in an article based on the context of the content, instead of a user-submitted keyword. Payment only occurs when the link is clicked. 3. Paid inclusion: guarantees that a marketer’s URL is indexed by a search engine. The listing is determined by the engine’s search algorithms.
591	Site optimization: Modifies a site to make it easier for search engines to automatically index the site and hopefully result in better placement in results.
592	Search click: A click originating from a list of links returned by a query to a search engine.
593	Search engine: A website that provides a searchable index of online content, whereby users enter keywords describing what they are seeking and the website returns links related to this search query.
594	Search retargeting: A method that enables advertisers to show an ad specifically to visitors based one or more searches or search click events.
595	Search targeting: local search targeting helps advertisers target users when they look for places, businesses, housing, entertainment, etc. In specific geographies using a search engine (such as Google or Bing). This allows advertisers to present highly relevant localized offers and advertisements to users.
596	Seasonality: a characteristic of a time series in which the data experiences regular and predictable changes, which recur every calendar year.
597	Segment: also called data segment or audience, a set of users who share one or more similar attributes.
598	Self-serve media: self-serve advertising is often associated with text advertising, paid search campaigns, as well as Facebook and twitter. These terms are not synonymous, but they do share a common goal of efficiency: x by eliminating the expense of an advertising salesperson, the self-serve model allows publishers to offer smaller minimum ad buys than would otherwise not be practical or profitable. X by using text ads instead of banner ads, self-serve programs make advertising easier for the many small businesses that do not have compelling graphical ads, preventing delays in the do-it-yourself campaign signup.
599	Sell side platform (SSP): also called sell side optimizer, inventory aggregator, and yield optimizer is a technology platform that provides outsourced media selling and ad network management services for publishers. A sell side platform business model resembles that of an ad network in that it aggregates ad impression inventory. However, a sell side platform serves publishers exclusively, and does not provide services for advertisers. The inventory managed by the SSP is usually purchased by aggregate buyers, either demand side platforms (DSPs) or ad networks.
600	Sell-through rate: the percentage of ad inventory sold as opposed to traded or bartered.
601	SEM (search engine marketing): a form of paid internet media that seeks to promote websites by increasing their visibility in the search engine result pages.
602	Semantic targeting: a type of contextual targeting that also incorporates semantic techniques to understand page meaning and/or sentiment.
603	SEO (search engine optimization): the process of improving the volume and quality of traffic to a website from search engines via natural (organic or algorithmic) search results.
604	Sequence position: the sequence position of an event is whether it was the first, last, or nth in sequence. Determining the first event is not perfectly reliable in attribution efforts, since cookie churn and scope issues may mask the true first event.
605	Server: a computer which distributes files which are shared across a LAN, WAN or the internet. Also known as a host.
606	Server centric measurement: audience measurement derived from server logs.
607	Server pull: a process whereby a user’s browser maintains an automated or customized connection or profile with a web server. The browser usually sets up a unique request that is recorded and stored electronically for future reference. Examples are: requests for the automated delivery of e-mail newsletters, the request for web content based on a specific search criterion determined by the user, or setting up a personalized web page that customizes the information delivered to the user based on pre-determined self-selections.
608	Server push: a process whereby a server maintains an open connection with a browser after the initial request for a page. Through this open connection the server continues to provide updated pages and content even though the visitor has made no further direct requests for such information.
609	Server side: server side refers to activities taking place on the server as opposed to on the client. Examples are server side counting and server-side redirects.
610	Server-initiated ad impression: one of the two methods used for ad counting. Ad content is delivered to the user via two methods server-initiated and client-initiated. Server-initiated ad counting uses the publisher’s web content server for making requests, formatting and re-directing content. For organizations using a server-initiated ad counting method, counting should occur subsequent to the ad response at either the publisher’s ad server or the web content server, or later in the process. See client-initiated ad impression.
611	Session: (1) a sequence of internet activity made by one user at one site. If a user makes no request from a site during a 30-minute period of time, the next content or ad request would then constitute the beginning of a new visit or (2) a series of transactions performed by a user that can be tracked across successive web sites. For example, in a single session, a user may start on a publisher’s web site, click on an advertisement and then go to an advertiser’s web site and make a purchase. See visit.
612	Session cookies: these are temporary and are erased when the browser exits at the end of a web surfing session. See cookie.
613	Session starts (SS): a metric specific to digital audio: the number of streams of one minute or more that are started within a time period.
614	Set-top box: a device electronic device that connects to a tv providing connectivity to the internet, game systems, or cable systems.
615	SGML (standard generalized markup language): the parent language for HTML.
616	Share of voice (SOV): the percentage of ad space on a page that is filled by a single brand; for example, if only one brand has ads appearing on a webpage, then that brand has 100% SOV
617	Shared libraries: in digital advertising, shared libraries are collections of pre-written code and resources that are used for implementing features and functions for an HTML5 ad. Instances of such resources that are downloaded to the browser from a specific server, like a CDN, are cached on the browser. Once cached, shared libraries can be shared with other ads that reference the library and the host server.
618	Shockwave: a browser plug-in developed by macromedia (now part of Adobe) which allows multimedia objects to appear on the web (animation, audio and video).
619	Shopping bot: intelligent agent which searches for the best price.
620	Short-form video: video content that has a duration of less than 10 minutes.
621	Sidekick: an IAB rising star ad unit template initially displayed as one of three standard ad unit dimensions, but upon user initiation, pushes publisher content to the left to display a canvas of up to 970×550 pixels full of rich interaction.
622	Single-site publisher ad server: single-site publisher ad servers focus on maximizing the yield to the publisher.
623	Single-site publisher analytics: software or services that analyze information about users, including metrics such as unique visitors and site usage. The collected data is used only on behalf of the site from which the data is collected.
624	Site index: the percentage of an overall desired audience that a website reaches; calculated by % of composition of a site divided by the % composition of the base audience, then multiplied by 100, so: (site comp ÷ audience comp) x 100 = site index; a site index of 100 is average, so for example, if a site indexes at 120, then they are 20% above the average
625	Site map: a model of a website’s content designed to help both users and search engines navigate the site. A site map can be a hierarchical list of pages (with links) organized by topic, an organization chart, or an xml document that provides instructions to search engine crawl bots.
626	Site retargeting: a method that enables advertisers to show an ad specifically to previous site visitors when they are on third-party web sites.
627	Site-centric measurement: audience measurement derived from a web site’s own server logs.
628	Site/page/position transparency: ability for the buyer of media (typically an advertisement) to understand the location and context within which the media will be displayed. Transparency can be at the level of web property (site), page content (page) or position (specific location within page). Site transparency, in the context of a network or an exchange, refers to the ability of a buyer of inventory to know the exact identity of the website domain or page on which they have shown advertisements.
629	Skins: customized and interchangeable sets of graphics, which allow internet users to continually change the look of their desktops or browsers, without changing their settings or functionality. Skins are a type of marketing tool.
630	Skyscraper: a tall, thin online ad unit. See IAB’s New Ad Portfolio
631	Slider: an IAB rising star ad unit template designed with an overlay slider (90 pixels high) that rests at the bottom of a publisher’s page and when prompted by user interaction, slides page content to the left for a canvas of 970×550 pixels full of rich interaction possibilities for user engagement.
632	Slotting fee: a fee charged to advertisers by media companies to get premium positioning on their site, category exclusivity or some other special treatment. It is similar to slotting allowances charged by retailers.
633	Smart card: identical in size and feel to credit cards, smart cards store information on an integrated microprocessor chip located within the body of the card. These chips hold a variety of information, from stored (monetary)-value used for retail and vending machines, to secure information and applications for higher-end operations such as medical/healthcare records. The different types of cards being used today are contact, contactless and combination cards. Contact smart cards must be inserted into a smart card reader. These cards have a contact plate on the face which makes an electrical connector for reads and writes to and from the chip when inserted into the reader. Contactless smart cards have an antenna coil, as well as a chip embedded within the card. The internal antenna allows for communication and power with a receiving antenna at the transaction point to transfer information. Close proximity is required for such transactions, which can decrease transaction time while increasing convenience. A combination card functions as both a contact and contactless smart card. Specific to interactive television, the viewer can insert smart cards into the set-top box to trigger the box to decrypt contact programming.
634	SME: acronym for subject matter experts.
635	SMS (short message service): standard for sending and receiving short (160 character) text messages via mobile handsets.
636	SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol): the protocol used to transfer email.
637	Sniffer: software that detects capabilities of the user’s browser (looking for such things as java capabilities, plug-ins, screen resolution, and bandwidth).
638	Social bookmarking: aggregating, rating, describing, and publishing bookmarks – links to web pages or other online content
639	Social marketing: marketing tactic that taps into the growth of social networks, encouraging users to adopt and pass along widgets or other content modules created by a brand, or to add a brand to the user’s social circle of friends.
640	Social network: an online destination that gives users a chance to connect with one or more groups of friends, facilitating sharing of content, news, and information among them. Examples of social networks include Facebook and LinkedIn.
641	Sourced video: content generated by a third party (typically professional) and will denote the source. An example may be a new car review provided by general motors but hosted on cartv.com.
642	Space: location on a page of a site in which an ad can be placed. Each space on a site is uniquely identified. There can be multiple spaces on a single page.
643	Spam: term describing unsolicited commercial email.
644	Spam filter: software built into email gateways as well as e-mail client applications designed to identify and remove unsolicited commercial messages from incoming email before the end user sees them.
645	Spider: a web crawler (also known as an automatic indexer, bot, web spider, web robot) is a software program which visits web pages in a methodical, automated manner. This process is called web crawling or spidering, and the resulting data is used for various purposes, including building indexes for search engines, validating that ads are being displayed in the appropriate context, and detecting malicious code on compromised web servers. Many web crawlers will politely identify themselves via their user-agent string, which provides a reliable way of excluding a significant amount of non-human traffic from advertising metrics. The IAB (in conjunction with ABCE) maintains a list of known user-agent strings as the spiders and bots list. However, those web crawlers attempting to discover malicious code often must attempt to appear to be human traffic, which requires secondary, behavioral filtering to detect. Most web crawlers will respect a file called robots.txt, hosted in the root of a web site. This file informs the web crawler which directories should and shouldn’t be indexed, but does not enact any actual access restrictions. Technically, a web crawler is a specific type of bot, or software agent. See bot and intelligent agents.
646	Splash page: a preliminary page that precedes the user-requested page of a web site that usually promotes a particular site feature or provides advertising. A splash page is timed to move on to the requested page after a short period of time or a click. Also known as an interstitial. Splash pages are not considered qualified page impressions under current industry guidelines, but they are considered qualified ad impressions.
647	Sponsor: (1) a sponsor is an advertiser who has sponsored an ad and, by doing so, has also helped sponsor or sustain the web site itself or (2) an advertiser that has a special relationship with the web site and supports a specific feature of a web site, such as a writer’s column or a collection of articles on a particular subject.
648	Sponsored content: sponsored content is paid text, video, or images created to promote a brand or product that is presented alongside similar media that isn’t promotional. For example, a blog entry that discusses the benefits of a specific product that was paid for by product advertiser is sponsored content.
649	Sponsorship: an association with a website that gives an advertiser some particular visibility and advantage above that of run of site advertising. When associated with specific content, sponsorship can provide a more targeted audience than run of site ad buys. Sponsorship also implies a synergy and resonance between the website and the advertiser. Some sponsorship is available as value-added opportunities for advertisers who buy a certain minimum amount of advertising. Sponsorship represents custom content and/or experiences created for an advertiser which may or may not include ad unties (i.e., display advertising, brand logos, advertorial and pre-roll video). Sponsorships fall into several categories: a) Spotlights are custom built pages incorporating an advertiser’s brand and housing a collection of content usually around a theme; b) Advergaming can range from an advertiser buying all the ad units around a game or a sponsored by link to creating a custom branded game experience; c) Content & section sponsorship is when an advertiser exclusively sponsors a particular section of the site or email (usually existing content) reskinned with the advertiser’s branding; d) Sweepstakes & contests can range from branded sweepstakes on the site to a full-fledge branded contest with submissions and judging.
650	Sponsorship graphics: components that are displayed as very persistent graphics such as with a player surrounding skin. Sponsorship graphics are generally displayed throughout the entirety of the content play. Sometimes the sponsorship graphic remains interactive and will behave like an invitation unit allowing viewers to explore deeper ad units such as the embedded interactive.
651	Spyware: computer software that is installed surreptitiously to intercept or take partial control over the user’s interaction with a computer, without the user’s informed consent. Spyware programs can collect various types of information, such as internet surfing habits, but can also interfere with user control of the computer in other ways, such as installing additional software, and redirecting web browser activity. The software usually does not contain generally accepted standards of notice describing what the purpose and/or behavior of the software is nor does is usually contain visible or functioning choice mechanisms for complete uninstall. The programs are typically characterized by behaviors that can be considered deceptive if not harmful to the user and/or his computer.
652	Stakeholder: anybody who has the power to impact a project, strategy and/or campaign. They can be internal or external and they also can be at a senior or junior level and can include subject matter experts (SME.)
653	Standard ad units: a set of ad specifications for standard image or animated in-page ad units that establish a framework for advertising inventory and webpage design. The current recommended ad units are the IAB New Ad Portfolio.
654	Static ad placement/static rotation: (1) ads that remain on a web page for a specified period of time or (2) embedded ads.
655	Statistical ID: a statistical ID is a probabilistic method of identifying a device based on a set of its attributes that have a reasonable likelihood of being unique in aggregate. For example, using a hash of the IP address, user-agent string, and screen resolution would provide a higher probability of uniquely identifying a device than using any of those attributes independently.
656	Stickiness: a measure used to gauge the effectiveness of a site in retaining individual users. Stickiness is usually measured by the duration of the visit.
657	Strategy: a concept based on available data. based on what we know, this looks like it would be the most productive course of action, and we have consensus from all stakeholders and teams, including our vendors/partners.
658	Streaming: technology that permits continuous audio and video delivery to a device from a remote website. Also, can refer to an internet data transfer technique that allows the user to see and hear audio and video files. The host or source compresses, then streams small packets of information over the internet to the user, who can access the content as it is received.
659	Streaming media player: in the interactive advertising context, a streaming media player is a software program that can retrieve audio and video files over a network and begin playback before the entire media file has been downloaded. Some examples are Real Player™, Windows Media and Quick Time Player.
660	Streaming video: a distribution method for serving video files such that the video is played over a persistent connection between the browser and the ad server. Versions of the file at different levels of compression (quality) can be served based on detection of the user’s internet bandwidth. HTML5 files cannot be streamed and rely on adaptive bitrate streaming technologies such as HLS and mpeg-dash.
661	Submission lead time: the number of business days (non-weekend/non-holiday days) prior to a campaign going live in which a publisher needs to validate advertiser submitted creative(s) for a campaign.
662	Superstitials: an interstitial format developed by unicast which is fully pre-cached before playing. Specs are 550 x 480 pixels (2/3 of screen), up to 100k file size and up to 20 seconds in length.
663	Supporting files: in the context of HTML file loads, supporting files are files that the browser needs to reference in order to execute display of file contents and any interactions. Examples of supporting files include JavaScript libraries, font libraries, CSS files, and others.
664	Surfing: exploring the web.
665	SWF: acronym for Shockwave Flash™. .swf is the file naming extension used for animated files complied using Adobe Flash™ software. HTML cannot execute .swf files without the browser-installed flash player plug-in. For this reason, many content and ad providers are moving to the HTML5 format for more efficient execution of interactive media files.
666	SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats): unlike gap analysis, which identifies the nature of an apparent gap between a current state and impending state (either positive or negative), a SWOT analysis identifies trends and potential opportunities on the horizon, and exposes if they really are opportunities or recognized threats based on the campaign’s ability to take advantage of them. In order to do that, we need to take a close objective look at the strengths and weaknesses of the campaign and our ability to address those potential trends as benchmarks of a successful campaign.
667	Syndicated research tools: research products available to subscribers that aids the media planning process in gaining insight or business intelligence about specific markets, industries, and trends over specific time periods.
668	Syndicated video: content sourced from a professional third party, examples may include syndicated television shows, news footage from AP or Reuters, etc., and distributed through a multitude of outlets observing strict ownership rights.
669	T-1: a dedicated, typically corporate, high-speed (1.54 megabits/second) internet connection.
670	T-3: a very high-speed (45 megabits/second or higher) dedicated, corporate internet connection.
671	T-commerce: electronic commerce via interactive television.
672	Tags: software code that an advertiser provides to a publisher or ad network that calls the advertiser’s ad server for the purposes of displaying an advertisement.
673	Target audience: the intended audience for an ad, usually defined in terms of specific demographics (age, sex, income, etc.) Product purchase behavior, product usage or media usage.
674	Target rating point (TRP): a term used in traditional advertising to measure the size of an audience reached by a specific media vehicle or schedule; it is the product of the percentage of the target audience reached by an advertisement, times the frequency they see it in a given campaign (frequency × % reached). For example, a television ad that is aired 5 times reaching 50% of the target audience each time it is aired would have a TRP of 250 (5 × 50%)
675	Target region: refers to targeting a specific geographic area or groupings on a state, DMA, or hyper-local level.
676	Targeted advertisement: an advertisement that is shown only to users exhibiting specific attributes or in a specific context or at a particular time of day.
677	Targeted ratings point (TRP): the percentage of an advertiser’s target audience that sees its commercials, advertisements, or campaign. Typically, advertising is bought against a guaranteed demographic or audience segment. The TRP expresses that guaranteed audience.
678	TCP/IP (transfer control protocol/internet protocol): the software protocols that run the internet, determining how packets of data travel from origin to destination.
679	Tech stack: a set of tools to manage the big data of your business—the terabits of customer information inside and outside your company. Stack tools harness this data to create automated, personalized, and measurable marketing programs that deliver the right offers to the right people at the right time.
680	Terms & conditions: the details of the contract accompanying an insertion order. See iab.net for voluntary guidelines of standard terms & conditions for internet advertising for media buys.
681	Text messaging: text messaging, or texting is the common term for the sending of short (160 characters or fewer) text messages, using the short message service, from mobile phones. See SMS.
682	Textual ad impressions: the delivery of a text-based advertisement to a browser. To compensate for slow internet connections, visitors may disable auto load images in their graphical browser. When they reach a page that contains an advertisement, they see a marker and the advertiser’s message in text format in place of the graphical ad. Additionally, if a user has a text-only browser, only textual ads are delivered and recorded as textual ad impressions.
683	Third-party ad server: independent outsourced companies that specialize in managing, maintaining, serving, tracking, and analyzing the results of online ad campaigns. They deliver targeted advertising that can be tailored to consumers declared or predicted characteristics or preferences.
684	Throughput: the amount of data transmitted through internet connectors in response to a given request.
685	Time spent: the amount of elapsed time from the initiation of a visit to the last audience activity associated with that visit. Time spent should represent the activity of a single cookied browser or user for a single access session to the web-site or property. Most publishers consider a session continuous if and only if not broken by more than 30 minutes of inactivity. Time spent listening (TSL) a metric specific to digital audio: the average number of hours for each session lasting more than one minute within a time period.
686	Time-based targeting: a method that enables advertisers to show an ad specifically to visitors only on certain days of the week or times of the day (also known as day parting).
687	Token: tracer or tag which is attached by the receiving server to the address (URL) of a page requested by a user. A token lasts only through a continuous series of requests by a user, regardless of the length of the interval between requests. Tokens can be used to count unique users.
688	Tracking assets: a metric specific to mobile advertising,  any piece of content associated with an ad or the page on which an ad appears that is designated to serve as the trigger by which the ad is counted. The content that serves as a tracking asset often may be, but is not limited to, a 1×1 pixel image, a 302-redirect, a JavaScript code, or the ad itself.
689	Tracking pixel: a 1×1 pixel-sized transparent image that provides information about an ad’s placement. In many cases, a tracking pixel is used to notify an ad tracking system that either an ad has been served (or not served, in some cases) or that a specific webpage has been accessed. Also known as: beacon, web beacon, action tag, redirect, etc.
690	Traffic: the flow of data over a network, or visitors to a web site
691	Traffic/bulk sheet: workflow process in which media buyers enter/upload digital campaign data by publisher into an API which tracks approvals, issues iOS, and generates billings and payments to publishers.
692	Transfer: the successful response to a page request; also when a browser receives a complete page of content from a web server.
693	Transitional ad: an ad that is displayed between web pages. In other words, the user sees an advertisement as he/she navigates between page ‘a’ and page ‘b.’ also known as an interstitial.
694	Transitional pop up: an ad that pops up in a separate ad window between content pages.
695	Triggers: a command from the host server that notifies the viewer’s set-top box that interactive content is available at this point. The viewer is notified about the available interactive content via an icon or clickable text. Once clicked by using the remote control, the trigger disappears and more content or a new interface appears on the tv screen.
696	TV everywhere: an online business model in which television broadcasters, particularly cable networks, allow their customers to access live and/or on-demand video content from their networks through internet-based services. The fee for such access is covered as part of their subscription to the service, via an mvpd. The viewers use credentials from their mvpd for authentication and access to the content.
697	Unduplicated audience: the number of unique individuals exposed to a specified domain, page or ad in a specified time period.
698	Unique browser: an identified and unduplicated cookied browser that accesses internet content or advertising during a measurement period. This definition requires taking account for the potentially inflationary impact of cookie deletion among certain of the cookied browsers that access internet content.
699	Unique cookie: a count of unique identifiers…that represents unduplicated instances of internet activity (generally visits) to internet content or advertising during a measurement period.
700	Unique device: an unduplicated computing device that is used to access internet content or advertising during a measurement period. A count of unduplicated devices necessarily accounts for multiple browser usage on an individual computer or other computing device.
701	Unique listeners/streamers: a metric specific to digital audio, the size of the audience for a given audio program, piece of content, or advertising message. Typically ‘listeners’ and ‘streamers’ are interchangeable.
702	Unique user: see unique visitors.
703	Unique visitors: unique individual or browser which has accessed a site or application and has been served unique content and/or ads such as e-mail, newsletters, interstitials or pop-under ads. Unique visitors can be identified by user registration, cookies, or third-party measurement like Comscore or Nielsen. Reported unique visitors should filter out bots. See iab.net for the audience reach measurement guidelines.
704	Universal ad package (UAP): a set of four ad units (728×90, 300×250, 160×600 and 180×150 pixels) offered by UAP-compliant publishers as a ‘package’ where ads in these four formats are used collectively across the publisher’s site, enabling advertisers to reach more of the publisher’s audience. Those UAP ad units are no longer recommended nor supported by IAB. They are now replaced by the IAB New Ad Portfolio.
705	Universal Brand Package (UBP): display ad units, see Rising Stars
706	Universal mobile telecommunications system: the universal mobile telecommunications system (umts) is a 3rd generation (3g) wireless transmission protocol that enables text, data, and speech services to mobile computer and phone users.
707	Universe: total population of audience being measured.
708	Unresolved IP addresses: IP addresses that do not identify their 1st or 2nd level domain. Unresolved IP addresses should be aggregated and reported as such. See also domain.
709	Up-front commitments: annual media spending commitments made by agencies on behalf of clients based on a series of presentations hosted by media companies. The main purpose is to allow marketers to buy television commercial airtime up front, or several months before the television season begins. These presentation were created by television networks, but have expanded into integrated media buying areas including digital (e.g., digital new fronts, programmatic upfront).
710	Upload: to send data from a computer to a network. An example of uploading data is sending e-mail.
711	URL (uniform resource locator): the unique identifying address of any particular page on the web. It contains all the information required to locate a resource, including its protocol (usually http), server domain name (or IP address), file path (directory and name) and format (usually HTML or CGI).
712	URL tagging: the process of embedding unique identifiers into URLs contained in HTML content. These identifiers are recognized by web servers on subsequent browser requests. Identifying visitors through information in the URLs should also allow for an acceptable calculation of visits, if caching is avoided.
713	Usenet: internet bulletin-board application.
714	User: an individual with access to the web.
715	User ad requests: a metric specific to mobile advertising, is the result of an active or passive act on the part of the user of a mobile marketing channel. The user may explicitly call for the ad to be delivered, or a request to the ad delivery system is triggered based on other user’s actions.
716	User agent: a software program that can request, download, cache and display documents available on the web.
717	User agent string: a field in a server log file which identifies the specific browser software and computer operating system making the request.
718	User centric measurement: web audience measurement based on the behavior of a sample of web users.
719	User generated content (UGC): web content (either written or recorded as a photo, audio or video) by people who are not professional content creators; so, for example: reader comments; amateur/home videos/audio/photos
720	User initiated: the willful act of a user to engage with an ad. Users may interact by clicking on the ad and/or rolling over an ad (or a portion of an ad). When a user engages the ad using a rollover action, the user’s cursor must rest on the hotspot for at least one second before any action may be initiated in the ad.
721	User initiation: the willful act of a user to engage with an ad. Detailed guidance is provided in the IAB New Ad Portfolio document. Users may interact by a discrete device action like clicking on the ad, and/or tapping over an ad (or a portion of an ad). Rollover is not a valid user initiation action.
722	User registration: information contributed by an individual which usually includes characteristics such as the person’s age, gender, zip code and often much more. A site’s registration system is usually based on an id code or password to allow the site to determine the number of unique visitors and to track a visitor’s behavior within that site.
723	User-generated video: content created by the public at large, generally not professionally edited, and directly uploaded to a site like YouTube.
724	Verification services: independent companies that offer advertisers the ability to ensure that their ads are appearing in the correct environment; commonly used to protect advertisers from their ads appearing in content environments that are undesirable for brands (so, avoiding salacious/adult content)
725	Video (aka digital video): in online advertising, the digital recording of a physical event or animated files that have been transcribed into a digital video format.
726	Video ad: a video ad is an advertisement that contains video. There are several different types of video ads: in-banner video ads, in-page video ads, in-stream video ads and non-linear video ads
727	Video ad completion rate (VCR): the percentage of all video ads that play through their entire duration to completion. Also known as view through rate (VTR) and video completion rate (VCR). Not to be confused with the videocassette recorder.
728	Video ad serving template (vast): a framework for serving ads to a video player. The specification also describes expected player behavior for executing ads that are supplied using vast. The interaction between the ad and the player is unidirectional, meaning that once the player receives the vast tag no other interactions are possible except for the activation of select tracking beacons at appropriate times during ad playback. Provides a standardized method for communicating the status of a video ad back to the ad servers in the case where the ad is served from a dynamically selected ad server. It is specifically designed for on-demand video player where the ad response is parsed prior to play. Vast is applicable to linear video ads (such as pre-rolls), non-linear video ads (such as overlays) and companion ads as defined in the IAB digital video ad format guidelines.
729	Video completion: when a video ad runs all the way through to the end
730	Video game console: an interactive entertainment computer or electric device that manipulates the video display signal of a display device (a television, monitor, etc.) To display a game. The term video game console is typically used solely for playing video games, but the new generation of consoles may play various types of media such as music, tv shows, and movies.
731	Video installs: number of video players that have been placed by a user onto their page. Also called embed, grab or post. A video player is a type of widget.
732	Video on demand (VOD): video content that is controlled, enabled, and consumed whenever a viewer wants after its official release date or original air date and time. VOD content can be found on set top boxes, OTT devices, mobile web, mobile apps, and video streaming services.
733	Video player: a video player is a computer program that translates data into video for viewing.
734	Video player ad interface (VPAID): the protocol between the ad and the video player required that enables ad interactivity and other advanced video advertising functionality. VPAID offers bilateral (two-way) communication between the ad and the video player, and meets the needs of emerging in-stream formats such as nonlinear video ads and interactive linear video ads.
735	View-through: when a consumer sees a brand’s ad, does not click on it, and then later visits that brand’s website
736	Viewability: a term used to describe whether or not a digital media ever appeared in the space within a webpage that was in view to the viewer – for example, when a viewer opens his browser and goes to a website, most often the webpage is longer than the browser window, so the viewer must scroll to continue reading down the page; if an ad never scrolls into that viewable space it is not considered viewable. IAB and MRC standards for measuring and buying digital impressions that must meet the following minimum criteria: • pixel requirement: greater than or equal to 50% of the pixels in the advertisement were on an in-focus browser tab on the viewable space of the browser page, and • time requirement: the time the pixel requirement is met was greater than or equal to one continuous second, post ad render. • video time requirement: to qualify for counting as a viewable video ad impression, it is required that 2 continuous seconds of the video advertisement is played, meeting the same pixel requirement of 50%.
737	Viewer: person viewing content or ads on the web. There is currently no way to measure viewers.
738	Viral marketing: (1) any advertising that propagates itself or (2) advertising and/or marketing techniques that spread like a virus by getting passed on from consumer to consumer and market to market.
739	Viral video: online video clips (typically short and humorous) passed via links from one person to another.
740	Virtual world: three-dimensional computerized environments that multiple users can explore and interact with via avatars, characters representing themselves. Online games like world of Warcraft take place in virtual worlds, but the term is often used to define services that are open-ended and geared for socializing, as opposed to the more goal-oriented environments of online games.
741	Visit: a single continuous set of activity attributable to a cookied browser or user (if registration-based or a panel participant) resulting in one or more pulled texts and/or graphics downloads from a site. Click here for IAB’s ad campaign measurement guidelines.
742	Visit duration: the length of time the visitor is exposed to a specific ad, web page or web site during a single session.
743	Visitor: individual or browser which accesses a web site within a specific time period.
744	VMAP (video multiple ad playlist): a protocol used for ad servers, ad units, and publishers to communicate with each other in order to serve multiple video ad breaks within streaming video on desktop
745	Volume: a control that enables users to adjust the audio output of ad creative. Volume controls should always allow adjustment down to zero (0) output.
746	VP8: a video compression format owned by Google and created by on2 technologies. Latest version is VP9.
747	VPAID (video player ad interface definition): a protocol used for ad servers, ad units, and publishers to communicate with each other in order to serve video ads with interactive capabilities on desktop
748	VRML (virtual reality modeling language): programming language designed to be a 3d analog to HTML.
749	WAN (wide area network): connectivity between a number of computers not located at the same physical location.
750	WAP (wireless application protocol): a specification for a set of communication protocols to standardize the way that wireless devices, such as cellular mobile telephones, PDAs and others access and browse internet-based content.
751	WASP (wireless applications service provider): an organization that provides content and applications for wireless devices.
752	Waterfall: the order of priority in which advertisers have the opportunity to buy inventory. Demand sources could include direct sales, networks, or exchanges.
753	Wearable: devices, such as the apple watch or Fitbit, that are physically worn on a consumer and can connect to the internet or communicate with a computer or smartphone. Additionally, wearables are a subset of a category known as the internet of things or IOT.
754	Web beacon:  a web beacon, also known as a web bug, 1 by 1 gif, invisible gif, and tracking pixel, is a tiny image referenced by a line of HTML or a block of JavaScript code embedded into a web site or third-party ad server to track activity. The image used is generally a single pixel that is delivered to the web browser with HTML instructions that keep it from affecting the web site layout. The web beacon will typically include user information like cookies on the http headers, and web site information on the query string. Web beacons are used to collect data for web site and ad delivery analytics, and also specific events such as a registration or conversion: a) Ad creative pixel: a web beacon embedded in an ad tag which calls a web server for the purpose of tracking that a user has viewed a particular ad. b) Conversion pixel: a web beacon that transmits to a third-party server that a user has successfully completed a process such as purchase or registration. c) Piggyback pixel: a web beacon that embeds additional web beacons not directly placed on the publisher page. d) Secure pixel: a web beacon that is delivered over https.
755	Web bug: see web beacon
756	Web crawler: a web crawler (also known as an automatic indexer, bot, web spider, web robot) is a software program which visits web pages in a methodical, automated manner. This process is called web crawling or spidering, and the resulting data is used for various purposes, including building indexes for search engines, validating that ads are being displayed in the appropriate context, and detecting malicious code on compromised web servers. Many web crawlers will politely identify themselves via their user-agent string, which provides a reliable way of excluding a significant amount of non-human traffic from advertising metrics. The IAB (in conjunction with ABCE) maintains a list of known user-agent strings as the spiders and bots list. However, those web crawlers attempting to discover malicious code often must attempt to appear to be human traffic, which requires secondary, behavioral filtering to detect. Most web crawlers will respect a file called robots.txt, hosted in the root of a web site. This file informs the web crawler which directories should and shouldn’t be indexed, but does not enact any actual access restrictions. Technically, a web crawler is a specific type of bot, or software agent.See bot and intelligent agents.
757	Webcasting: real-time or pre-recorded delivery of a live event’s audio, video, or animation over the internet.
758	WEBM: WEBM is a video file format. It is primarily intended to offer a royalty-free alternative to use in the HTML5 video tag. The development of the format is sponsored by Google, and the corresponding software is distributed under a BSD license.
759	Website: a website, also written as web site, web site, or simply site, is a set of related web pages containing content (media), including text, video, music, audio, images, etc. It is the virtual location (domain) for an organization’s or individual’s presence on the web. A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via the internet through an address known as a uniform resource locator. All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the web.
760	Wifi: any of a family of wireless IAN data standards (ieee 802.11) used fairly ubiquitously for corporate and home connectivity. Also available as hotspots in public areas such as cafes and airport terminals, either for free or for a one-time use charge or subscription fee.
761	Widget: a small application designed to reside on a pc desktop (mac OS x or windows vista) or within a web-based portal or social network site (e.g., myspace or Facebook) offering useful or entertaining functionality to the end user.
762	Widget and social media application metrics:  the following metrics apply specifically to widgets and social media applications. These supplementary metrics offer advertisers a greater insight into ROI for all widget and social media application campaigns: * Installs (applications): total installations of application * Active users: total users interacting with application over a specific time frame, usually day/week/month, many applications have rapid growth but lose activity over time * Audience profile: user demographics from self-reported profile information * Unique user reach: percentage of users who have installed application among the total social media audience (or calculated as active application users per audience) * Growth: average number of users within a specific time frame * Influence: average number of friends among users who have installed application * Application/widget installs (user): number of application or widgets installed by a user onto their profile page or other area. Also called embed, grab or post. * Active users/widgets in the wild: number of people regularly using an application at a given point in time, number of widgets on a user page at a given point in time * Longevity/lifecycle: Average period of time for which an application or widget remains installed by a user
763	WiMAX: a wireless wan standard (ieee 802.16) designed to provide portable (eventually mobile) wireless broadband access. Single WiMAX antennas can provide coverage over large physical areas, making deployment potentially very cost effective. Although not widely available as of 2007, sometimes considered a potential competitor to cable modems and DSL for residential broadband.
764	web (WWW): a system of interconnected internet pages; commonly referred to as the collective existence of sites on the internet; the initials www usually precedes a website name in its URL address
765	XML (extensible markup language): a richer more dynamic successor to HTML utilizing SGML or HTML type tags to structure information. XML is used for transferring data and creating applications on the web. See SGML and HTML.
766	Yield: the percentage of clicks vs. impressions on an ad within a specific page. Also called ad click rate.
767	Yield and revenue management: please see yield management.
768	Yield management: yield and revenue management are the process of understanding, anticipating and influencing advertiser and consumer behavior in order to maximize profits through better selling, pricing, packaging and inventory management, while delivering value to advertisers and site users.
769	Z-index: enumerated layers of elements and content on a publisher’s webpage. Consideration of the z-element in page content design such as navigation, imagery, and ads are important for providing a seamless experience when page content overlaps (i.e. An expanding ad with a z-index that is lower [on the z-index scale] than navigational elements may give the appearance that page navigational elements are showing through the expanded portions of the ad).